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Tolkien and Encyclopedia
" Eriador ", in Drout, Michael D. C .: J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.
* Timeline from Arda's creation to the Fourth Age at Tolkien Gateway Encyclopedia
* Patrick Curry, " Two Trees " in: J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia ( 2006 ), ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
* Matthew T. Dickerson, " Trees " in: J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia ( 2006 ), ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
* Alexandra Bolintineanu, " Astronomy and Cosmology, Middle-earth " in: J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia ( 2006 ).
* Arden R. Smith, " Secret Vice, A " entry in the J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia ( 2006 ).

Tolkien and compares
Chance compares the development and growth of Bilbo against other characters to the concepts of just kingship versus sinful kingship derived from the Ancrene Wisse ( which Tolkien had written on in 1929 ) and a Christian understanding of Beowulf.

Tolkien and Tolkien's
In any case, Ace was forced to cease publishing the unauthorized edition and to pay Tolkien for their sales following a grass-roots campaign by Tolkien's U. S. fans.
J. R. R. Tolkien, in the legendarium surrounding his Elves, uses " Gnomes " as a name of the Noldor, the most gifted and technologically minded of his elvish races, in conscious exploitation of the similarity with gnomic ; Gnomes is thus Tolkien's English loan-translation of Quenya Noldor, " those with knowledge ".
It can be found, most notably, in Tolkien's book titled Tree and Leaf, and in other places ( including the collections The Tolkien Reader, Poems & Stories, A Tolkien Miscellany, and Tales from the Perilous Realm ).
They are sometimes compared to the work of his older contemporary J. R. R. Tolkien, but his surreal fiction was influenced by his early love for Charles Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson rather than Tolkien's studies of mythology and philology.
* Tolkien on Fairy-Stories, by Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson: " A new expanded edition of Tolkien's most famous, and most important essay, which defined his conception of fantasy as a literary form ..."( 2008 ) ISBN 978-0-00-724466-9.
Tolkien's opinion was adopted by another Christian writer, C. S. Lewis, in their conversations: " Tolkien explained to Lewis that the story of Christ was the true myth at the very heart of history and at the very root of reality.
Tolkien: Master of Middle-earth ," which describes the impact Tolkien's writings had on him, is featured in the following titles:
Tolkien also explores the motif of jewels that inspire intense greed that corrupts those who covet them in the Silmarillion, and there are connections between the words " Arkenstone " and " Silmaril " in Tolkien's invented etymologies.
The more regular members of the Inklings, many of them academics at the University, included J. R. R. " Tollers " Tolkien, C. S. " Jack " Lewis, Owen Barfield, Charles Williams, Tolkien's son Christopher, Lewis ' elder brother Warren or " Warnie ", Roger Lancelyn Green, Adam Fox, Hugo Dyson, R. A.
Tolkien used tengwar to write English: most of Tolkien's tengwar samples are actually in English.
At the time he was cast, McKellen had never read any of Tolkien's works, but he quickly developed his knowledge of The Lord of the Rings and based his accent on Tolkien.
When Christopher Tolkien needed an assistant to edit his father J. R. R. Tolkien's unpublished work, he chose Kay, then a student at the University of Manitoba, whose parents were friends of Baillie Tolkien's parents.
There he learnt a lot about writing and editing, and later admitted of Tolkien's influence, " to be successful in fantasy, you have to take the measure of Tolkien — work with his strengths and away from his weaknesses ".
Tolkien believed he had invented the word " hobbit " when he began writing The Hobbit ( it was revealed years after his death that the word predated Tolkien's usage, though with a different meaning ).
Tolkien noted that the capital Minas Tirith was situated on a latitude comparable to that of Venice, and the total area of Gondor as represented on Tolkien's maps was estimated by Karen Wynn Fonstad at.
Ultimately Anglo-Saxon England was defeated by the cavalry of the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, and some Tolkien scholars have speculated that the Rohirrim are Tolkien's wishful version of an Anglo-Saxon society that retained a " rider culture ", and would have been able to resist such an invasion.
Humphrey Carpenter in his biography of Tolkien remarked that Eärendil " was in fact the beginning of Tolkien's own mythology ".
Valaquenta ( Quenya for " Tale of the Valar ") is the second section of The Silmarillion, a collection of J. R. R. Tolkien's mythopoeic works, edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in 1977.
In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the First Age, or First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar is the heroic period in which most of Tolkien's early legends are set.
For example, Issue 42 of Mallorn, the journal of The Tolkien Society ( August 2004 ), carried a lengthy article analyzing Tolkien's works as well as his possible Theosophist beliefs, concluding that the Years of the Sun began on March 25, 10160 BC, the Second Age on December 26, 9564 BC, the Third Age on December 24, 6123 BC, and the Fourth Age on March 18, 3102 BC.
The next paragraph quotes Tolkien's words in The Problem of Ros, the others are the comments by Christopher Tolkien:
Planning permission has been acquired for the erection on Moseley Green of a high statue of Treebeard, an Ent from The Lord of the Rings, made by Tolkien's great-nephew, Tim Tolkien.

Tolkien and Father
Tolkien, have insisted on the traditional form of Father Christmas in preference to Santa Claus.
In The Father Christmas Letters, which Tolkien wrote for his children, Red Gnomes are helpful creatures who come from Norway to the North Pole to assist Father Christmas and his Elves in fighting the wicked Goblins.
Tolkien grudgingly obeyed this instruction to the letter while Father Morgan's guardianship lasted.
The Father Christmas Letters is a collection of letters written and illustrated by J. R. R. Tolkien between 1920 and 1942 for his children, from " Father Christmas ".
Also examined are the pictures Tolkien made for his children ( notably in his The Father Christmas Letters and Mr. Bliss ), his expressive calligraphy, his love of decoration, and his contributions to the typography and design of his books.

Tolkien and with
The story has appeared with other works by Tolkien in omnibus editions, including The Tolkien Reader and Tales from the Perilous Realm.
Tolkien insists, tongue in cheek, that the village of Thame originally referred to the Tame Dragon housed in it, and that " tame with an h is a folly without warrant.
George R. R. Martin set the Ice and Fire story in an alternative world of Earth or a " secondary world ", such as J. R. R. Tolkien pioneered with Middle-earth.
Tolkien himself might have disagreed with an allegorical interpretation.
This allowed him to participate in gatherings of the Inklings with Lewis and Tolkien.
On Fairy-Stories was subsequently published with Leaf by Niggle in Tree and Leaf, as well as in The Tolkien Reader, published in 1966.
Tolkien emphasizes that through the use of fantasy, which he equates with fancy and imagination, the author can bring the reader to experience a world which is consistent and rational, under rules other than those of the normal world.
This concept, which shares much in common with phenomenology, Tolkien calls " recovery ," in the sense that one's unquestioned assumptions might be recovered and changed by an outside perspective.
The book, featuring a text in Middle English with extensive scholarly notes, is frequently confused with the translation into Modern English that Tolkien prepared, along with translations of Pearl and Sir Orfeo, late in his life.
The general form — that of a journey into strange lands, told in a light-hearted mood and interspersed with songs — may be following the model of The Icelandic Journals by William Morris, an important literary influence on Tolkien.
Tolkien is credited with being the first critic to expound on Beowulf as a literary work with value beyond merely historical, and his 1936 lecture Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics is still required reading for students of Anglo-Saxon.
Auden was later to correspond with Tolkien, and they became friends.
Tolkien wrote the later story in much less humorous tones and infused it with more complex moral and philosophical themes.
* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: DTS 16, DTS 17, DTS 18 – Elvish Script Sample I, II, III, with parts of the English poems Errantry and Bombadil, first published in the Silmarillion Calendar 1978, later in Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien, as well as DTS 23 – So Lúthien, a page of the English Lay of Leithan text facsimiled in The Lays of Beleriand: 299.
J. R. R. Tolkien is one of many scholars who have studied and promoted the Mercian dialect of Old English, and introduced various Mercian terms into his legendarium – especially in relation to the Kingdom of Rohan, otherwise known as the Mark ( a name cognate with Mercia ).
In his essay " On Fairy-Stories ", J. R. R. Tolkien agreed with the exclusion of " fairies " from the definition, defining fairy tales as stories about the adventures of men in Faërie, the land of fairies, fairytale princes and princesses, dwarves, elves, and not only other magical species but many other marvels.
Tolkien was then already familiar with Latin, Greek, Spanish, and several ancient Germanic languages, Gothic, Old Norse and Old English.
Tolkien wrote, many years later: " it was like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before.

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