Their views continued to be popular with many Bolsheviks throughout most of the Russian Civil War and their supporters, including Podvoisky, who became one of Trotsky's deputies, were a constant thorn in Trotsky's side.

Not all Marxists accepted the necessity of socialist realism ( Marx's, Engels ' and Trotsky's views on art and culture were very liberal and may have balked at the propagandism of Socialist realism themselves ).

Cliff's views have been criticised by more orthodox Trotskyists as an abandonment of Trotsky's theory in all but name in favour of the stagist theory, countering that Cliff was more cautious than Trotsky about the potential of the working class in underdeveloped countries to seize power.

Shachtman also maintained contact with Trotsky's widow, Natalia Sedova, who generally agreed with his views at that time.

With his wife Reba, Hansen went to Mexico to meet the exiled Russian Communist leader, Leon Trotsky, and Hansen served as Trotsky's secretary and guard from 1937 for the next three years.

" The dispute did not end until Trotsky's assassination in his Mexican villa by the communist assassin, Ramon Mercader in 1940.

Abern continued to support Trotsky's unconditional defense of the Soviet Union and broke politically with Shachtman in 1940, but he remained in the Workers Party organization until his death from a heart attack in April 1949.

Other examples of " Cleopatra's Nose " types of history cited by Carr were the claim by Edward Gibbon that if the Turkish sultan Bayezid I did not suffer from gout, he would have conquered Central Europe, Winston Churchill's statement that if King Alexander had not died of a monkey bite, the Greco-Turkish War would have been avoided, and Leon Trotsky's remark that if he not contracted a cold while duck hunting, he would not have missed a crucial Politburo meeting in 1923.

Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

Malevich's assumption that a shifting in the attitudes of the Soviet authorities towards the modernist art movement would take place after the death of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky's fall from power, was proven correct in a couple of years, when the Stalinist regime turned against forms of abstraction, considering them a type of " bourgeois " art, that could not express social realities.

Lev Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

Trotsky's Fourth International was established in France in 1938 when Trotskyists argued that the Comintern or Third International had become irretrievably " lost to Stalinism " and thus incapable of leading the international working class to political power.

He was questioned about several books the FBI found when they searched his home, including Hitler's Mein Kampf, Trotsky's My Life, a biography of Lenin, and a Russian alphabet book for children.

* The Trotskyist Dissence ( 1928 ): In mid-1928, PC-SBIC suffered its first schism, when a small group of Marxist intellectuals broke with the political theses of PC-SBIC influenced by Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition, and its criticism to Stalinism prevailing as the official ideology of the Communist International and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Dobbs met the Russian revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky when he visited Mexico shortly before Trotsky's death in 1940.

National security had been important to Soviet foreign policy since the 1920s, when the Communist Party adopted Stalin's " socialism in one country " and rejected Leon Trotsky's ideas of " world revolution ".

Initially stalled by a much-criticized temporary armistice with Romanian Army leader Alexandru Averescu, Rakovsky ordered a fresh offensive in Moldavia, but had to retreat when the Central Powers, confronted with Trotsky's refusal to accept their version of a Russo-German peace, began their own military operation and occupied Odessa ( setting free Romanians who had been imprisoned there ).

Maurice Spector, editor of the Communist Party newspaper The Worker, had been a Canadian delegate to the 1928 Comintern Congress in Moscow when he and American James Cannon inadvertently came across the suppressed platform of Trotsky's Left Opposition.

" The trio — Communist Labor Party founder James P. Cannon, Labor Defender editor Max Shachtman, and Romanian-born former head of the Young Workers League Martin Abern — had been won over to the ideas of Leon Trotsky when Cannon had been exposed to a translation of Trotsky's manuscript " The Draft Program of the Communist International: A Criticism of Fundamentals " while a delegate to the Sixth World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow that summer.

The party remained faithful to the USSR's version of Marxism-Leninism during the 1920s, when Trotsky's interpretation became an important ideological competitor of Joseph Stalin's.

At first opposed to it, in the end Lenin voted for Trotsky's resolution to avoid a split among anti-war socialists.

In September 1912, Kievskaya Mysl sent him to the Balkans as its war correspondent, where he covered the two Balkan Wars for the next year and became a close friend of Christian Rakovsky, later a leading Soviet politician and Trotsky's ally in the Soviet Communist Party.

As a result of his trip to the Comintern Congress in 1928 where James P. Cannon and Maurice Spector accidentally saw Leon Trotsky's thesis criticizing the direction of the Comintern, Cannon became a Trotskyist and decided to organize his faction in support of Trotsky's position.

Despite the fact that many, like Stalin, saw Trotsky's role in the October 1917 Russian revolution as central, Trotsky says that without Lenin and the Bolshevik party the October revolution of 1917 would not have taken place.

Constance Myers indicates that three factors led to the expulsion of the Trotskyists from the Socialist Party in 1937: the divergence between the official Socialists and the Trotskyist faction on the issues, the determination of Altman's wing of the Militants to oust the Trotskyists, and Trotsky's own decision to move towards a break with the party.

The party also published many of Leon Trotsky's works in these years through their publishing house, Pathfinder Press.

This is best exemplified by Trotsky's comment to him and other party members as they left the first meeting of the council of Soviets after October 25, 1917 in disgust at the way in which the Bolsheviks had seized political power: " You are pitiful isolated individuals ; you are bankrupts ; your role is played out.

The then leader of the main American Trotskyist party, Joseph Hansen, was later accused by Trotsky's followers as being " a double agent of the FBI and the GPU " and of having assisted Mercader to penetrate Trotsky's inner circle of friends and acquaintances, an accusation Hansen denied.

The Socialist Party's demand for nationalisation and its longstanding practice of running in elections, has led some critics to label the Socialist Party as reformist, though the party argues that its method is based on Trotsky's Transitional Programme, and that this demand would lead to the socialist transformation of society, with a " socialist plan of production ... to meet the needs of all " whilst " protecting our environment.

In 1933, in an internal party document entitled " Communism and the Negro Question ", Shachtman dissented from Trotsky's view that black self-determination was a transitional demand for recruiting black workers in the United States to a socialist program, a position that was later more fully developed by CLR James.

While maintaining Leon Trotsky's critique of the USSR, the party replaced Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution with the view that socialist revolution in Third World countries ( countries in which, according to Marxist theory, the development of capitalism has been distorted by colonialism and imperialism ) will take place in two connected stages.

In line with Leon Trotsky's advice to his French followers to enter the Workers and Peasants Socialist Party ( PSOP ) he joined that party and stood on its far left ( see French Turn ).

Spector was won over to Trotsky's position and returned to Canada determined to build support for Trotsky in the party.

The CLA ( O ) was the United States section of Leon Trotsky's International Left Opposition and initially positioned itself as not a rival party to the CPUSA but as a faction of it and the Comintern.

In October 1917, Joffe supported Lenin's and Trotsky's revolutionary position against Grigory Zinoviev's and Lev Kamenev's more moderate position, demanding that the latter be expelled from the Central Committee after an apparent breach of party discipline.

Once the Bolshevik government instituted the NEP policy of partial liberalization, Skobelev became reconciled with the new regime and eventually joined the Bolshevik party in 1922 ( over Trotsky's objections ).

The basic idea of Trotsky's theory is that in Russia the bourgeoisie would not carry out a thorough revolution which would institute political democracy and solve the land question.

This action paralleled even more severe reprisals in the Soviet Union, in which as many as 300 of Trotsky's former aides and political associates were arrested by the Soviet secret police.

In his testament, Lenin referred to Trotsky's " exceptional abilities ", adding " personally he is perhaps the most able man in the present central committee.

" In many ways Trotsky's argument was valid, but he was overlooking the changes, which were taking place.

Trotsky's ideas formed the basis of Trotskyism, a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism.

Trotsky's younger sister, Olga, married Lev Kamenev, a leading Bolshevik.

Just before Trotsky's return, the Mensheviks had independently come up with the same idea that Trotsky had: an elected non-party revolutionary organization representing the capital's workers, the first Soviet (" Council ") of Workers.

By the time of Trotsky's arrival, the St. Petersburg Soviet was already functioning headed by Khrustalyov-Nosar ( Georgy Nosar, alias Pyotr Khrustalyov ), a compromise figure, and proved to be very popular with the workers in spite of the Bolsheviks ' original opposition.

Shortly after Lenin's death in 1924, the letter was pulled out of the archives and made public by Trotsky's opponents within the Communist Party, and was used to paint him as Lenin's enemy.

The following summary of Trotsky's role in 1917 was written by Stalin in Pravda, 10 November 1918.

Trotsky's position was between these two Bolshevik factions.

Trotsky's Permanent Revolution advocated rapid industrialization, elimination of private farming, and having the Soviet Union promote the spread of communist revolution abroad.

Later developments of Trotsky's theories, notably Tony Cliff's theory of State Capitalism, did refer to the nomenklatura as a new class.

Also, Stalin polemicized against Trotsky on the role of peasants, as in China, whereas Trotsky's position was in favor of urban insurrection over peasant-based guerrilla warfare.

In 1942, on the set of Un garibaldino al convento, he met Spanish actress Maria Mercader ( sister of Ramon Mercader, Trotsky's assassin ), with whom he started a relationship.

** Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government.

Kamenev married a fellow Marxist ( and Leon Trotsky's sister ), Olga Kameneva, in the early 1900s and the couple had two sons.