In more ordinary cases Tsar Alexander III could be at once kind, simple, and even almost homely.

Another influence was Alexander Kikin, a high-placed official who had fallen out with the Tsar and had been deprived of his estates.

There, with the active aid of the Russian government, he at length got access to the remainder of the precious Sinaitic codex, and persuaded the monks to present it to Tsar Alexander II of Russia, at whose cost it was published in 1862 ( in four folio volumes ).

* 1825 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia ( b. 1777 )

The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, where he hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though Francis undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII.

The Tsar reportedly awarded the title to the five finalists: Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Frank Marshall ( respectively, the World Champion, the next two World Champions, and two players who had lost World Championship matches to Lasker ).

Napoleon made a major misstep when he declared war on Russia after a dispute with Tsar Alexander I and launched an invasion of Russia in 1812.

* 1855 – Alexander II becomes Tsar of Russia.

* 1861 – Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia: Tsar Alexander II signs the emancipation reform into law, abolishing Russian serfdom.

* 1883 – Alexander III is crowned Tsar of Russia.

* 1845 – Tsar Alexander III of Russia ( d. 1894 )

Because of the many threats against Maria and Alexander III, the head of the security police, General Cherevin, shortly after the coronation urged the Tsar and his family to relocate to Gatchina Palace, a more secure location 50 kilometres outside St. Petersburg.

Tsar Alexander III and Tsarina Maria Feodorovna and their five children.

Tsar Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna had four sons and two daughters:

* 1894 – Nicholas II becomes the new Tsar of Russia after his father, Alexander III, dies.

Russia's Tsar Alexander II and his chancellor Prince Gorchakov, at the time on a state visit to Germany, seized the opportunity to inject themselves as European peace makers.

After a heated argument in Bismarck's office Wilhelm, whom Bismarck had allowed to see a letter from Tsar Alexander III describing him as a " badly brought-up boy ", stormed out, after first ordering the rescinding of the Cabinet Order of 1851, which had forbidden Prussian Cabinet Ministers to report directly to the King of Prussia, requiring them instead to report via the Prime Minister.

When a church was built over the spot in St Petersburg where Tsar Alexander II of Russia had been assassinated, the " Church of the Savior on Blood ", the natural style to use was one that best evoked traditional Russian features ( illustration, left ).

The Provisional government that replaced the Tsar ( initially presided by prince Georgy Lvov, later by Alexander Kerensky ), however, decided to continue the war on the Entente side.

The Grande Armée was welcomed in Vilnius, since its inhabitants expected Tsar Alexander I to grant the country autonomy in response to Napoleon's promises to restore the Commonwealth.

* October 13 – Dagmar of Denmark, later Maria Fyodorovna, wife of Tsar Alexander III and Empress Consort of Russia ( b. 1847 )

** Tsar Alexander I ( Russia )

** Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, marries Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia, only daughter of Tsar Alexander III of Russia.

* 13 March 1881 — Assassination of the Tsar of the Russian Empire Alexander II of Russia.

* November 1 – Russian Tsar Alexander III is succeeded by his son Nicholas II.

On the way home, he negotiated with King Levon I of Armenia, the Emperor Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea and Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and arranged several marriage contracts between his children and the courts he visited.

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, being well informed, tried to stop the upcoming conflict on 8 June, by sending an identical personal message to the Kings of Bulgaria and Serbia, offering to act as arbitrator according to the provisions of the 1912 Serbo-Bulgarian treaty.

Later on, he was a tutor to the later Tsar Peter II in 1728.

This is one of the most enduring titles, Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Symeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946.

This was because his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, suggested the nickname of " Nicky ", however it got mixed up with the many Nickys of the Russian Imperial Family (" Nicky " was particularly used to refer to Nicholas II, the last Tsar ) so they changed it to Dickie.

The more severe program of Russification, called " the second period of oppression 1908 – 1917 " by the Finns, was halted on 15 March 1917 by the removal of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II.

By some accounts, in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, the title " Grandmaster " was formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who had partially funded the tournament.

Peter I was succeeded by his second wife ( Catherine I, 1725 – 1728 ) who was merely a figure-head for a powerful group of high officials, then by his minor grandson ( Peter II, 1728 – 1730 ), then by his niece, Anna, daughter of Tsar Ivan V. In 1741 Elizabeth, daughter of Peter, seized the throne, assisted by the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

* 1918 – Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family ( Julian calendar date ).

* 1014 – Byzantine – Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion – Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, and his subsequent treatment of 15, 000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack less than three months later, on October 6.

With an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 6, the eruption was equivalent to — about 13, 000 times the nuclear yield of the Little Boy bomb ( 13 to 16 kt ) that devastated Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II, and four times the yield of Tsar Bomba ( 50 Mt ), the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated.

Trotsky was living in New York City when the February Revolution of 1917 overthrew Tsar Nicholas II.

At the end of the 10th century, much of what is now Republic of Macedonia became the political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Samuil ; while the Byzantine emperor Basil II came to rule the eastern part of the empire ( what is now Bulgaria ), including the then capital Preslav, in 972.

* 1727 – Peter II becomes Tsar of Russia.

* 1896 – Khodynka Tragedy: A mass panic on Khodynka Field in Moscow during the festivities of the coronation of Russian Tsar Nicholas II results in the deaths of 1, 389 people.

* 1905 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly, the Duma.

* 1917 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates the Russian throne and his brother the Grand Duke becomes Tsar.

* 1896 – Nicholas II becomes Tsar of Russia.

This room is a miniature reconstruction of the study of Tsar Nicolas II from the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia.

In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne and a provisional government quickly filled the vacuum, proclaiming Russia a republic months later.