Eduard Tubin ( June 18, 1905 – November 17, 1982 ) was an Estonian composer and conductor.

Tubin was born in Torila, Estonia, then part of the Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire.

Tubin was also somewhat accomplished as a violinist, and wrote two concerti and numerous chamber works for the instrument.

Tubin was also a very good orchestrator, and this can be heard particularly in the Third and Fourth symphonies.

The shift to a less nationalistic and more international and angst-filled style came after Tubin had fled Estonia to Sweden when the country was occupied by the Soviet Union.

Some counterexamples are: Andrzej Panufnik ( 10 ; if one includes two early lost symphonies, 12 ), Hans Werner Henze ( 10 ; his ninth symphony was actually choral ), Eduard Tubin ( 10, died writing his eleventh symphony ), William Schuman ( 10 ; his first two were withdrawn ), Alun Hoddinott ( 10 ), David Diamond ( 11 ), Joachim Raff ( 11, as well as an early destroyed one ), Edmund Rubbra ( 11 ; his ninth symphony was choral ), Robert Simpson ( 11 ; his planned final 12th symphony was to be choral ), Heitor Villa-Lobos and Darius Milhaud ( 12 each ), Vagn Holmboe ( 13, as well as four additional symphonies for strings alone ), Roy Harris ( 13 ; he was more superstitious about the number 13 than the number 9, and so labelled his 13th as 14th ), Glenn Branca ( 14, although Branca's definition of " symphony " is somewhat untraditional ), Gloria Coates ( 15, although she only recognized and numbered her first six symphonies as " symphonies " after completing her 7th ), Dmitri Shostakovich ( 15 ), Rued Langgaard ( 16 plus an unnumbered choral symphony, Sinfonia Interna ), Henry Cowell ( 17 ), Allan Pettersson ( 17 ), Lev Knipper ( 20 ), Jānis Ivanovs ( 21 ), Mieczysław Weinberg ( 22 ), Nikolai Myaskovsky ( 27 ), Havergal Brian ( 32 ), Alan Hovhaness ( 67 ), Derek Bourgeois ( 72 ), and Leif Segerstam ( 253 ).

* 1982 – Eduard Tubin, Estonian composer ( b. 1905 )

* June 18-Eduard Tubin, Estonian composer ( d. 1982 )

Towards the end of his life, Tubin slowly began to gain recognition, particularly after the conductor Neeme Järvi, also an Estonian, escaped to the USA in 1980.

In 1938 Tubin had visited the Estonian island of Hiiumaa to collect folk songs.

Estonia also produced a number of classical composers of high repute during the twentieth century, including Rudolf Tobias ( 1873 – 1918 ), Heino Eller ( 1887 – 1970 ), Artur Kapp ( 1878 – 1952 ), Artur Lemba ( 1885 – 1963 ), Mart Saar ( 1882 – 1963 ), Lepo Sumera ( 1950 – 2000 ), Eduard Tubin ( 1905 – 1982 ) and the living composers mentioned below.

During this time he formed the Tartu school of composition, which gave rise to many composers, including Eduard Tubin.

After the Soviet Union illegally annexed Estonia in 1944, Tubin fled to Stockholm, where he remained for the rest of his life, although he did return to Estonia on occasions.

Tubin entered the Tartu Teacher's College in the newly independent Estonia in 1920.

Tubin took up work conducting in the Vanemuine theatre.

After a while Tubin moved to a suburb of Stockholm where he could devote himself entirely to composition.

Tubin is perhaps not better known because of his displacement.

Tubin is gaining recognition, however, particularly for the Fourth and Eighth Symphonies and the Second Piano Sonata, which are recognised as masterpieces.

* Eduard Tubin – Symphony No. 4 ( January 1986 ) CD-227, also available in a compilation of the Tubin symphonies, CD-1402 / 04

For a while his work was influenced deeply by the French impressionists, and by the patterned, mosaic-like paintings of Gustav Klimt, then the dean of Austrian art.

Nevertheless, Prokofieff was much influenced by Paris during the Twenties: the Paris which was the artistic center of the Western World -- the social Paris to which Russian aristocracy migrated -- the chic Paris which attracted the tourist dollars of rich America -- the avant-garde Paris of Diaghileff, Stravinsky, Koussevitzky, Cocteau, Picasso -- the laissez-faire Paris of Dadaism and ultramodern art -- the Paris sympathique which took young composers to her bosom with such quick and easy enthusiasms.

Probably Mr. Willis was influenced toward deeper involvement by familial loyalty and a concern for his grandchildren.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

This style was also influenced by Western music such as rock, reggae and the funk.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

Cultural anthropology in the United States was influenced greatly by the ready availability of Native American societies as ethnographic subjects.

It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras.

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

In his view, there were three possibilities: ( 1 ) Korean did not belong with the other three genealogically, but had been influenced by an Altaic substratum ; ( 2 ) Korean was related to the other three at the same level they were related to each other ; ( 3 ) Korean had split off from the other three before they underwent a series of characteristic changes.

On the other hand, when science fiction author Philip K. Dick was asked which science fiction writers had influenced his work the most, he replied:

Imperial Aramaic was highly standardised ; its orthography was based more on historical roots than any spoken dialect and was inevitably influenced by Old Persian.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Military action was heavily influenced by the Russian military, which inspired and manipulated the rivalry between the two neighbouring nations in order to keep both under control.

Historically, her cult in Greece was imported from, or influenced by, the cult of Astarte in Phoenicia.

In societies influenced by Confucianism, the farmer was considered an esteemed productive member of society, whereas merchants who made money were looked down upon.

While Wesley freely made use of the term " Arminian ," he did not self-consciously root his soteriology in the theology of Arminius but was highly influenced by 17th-century English Arminianism and thinkers such as John Goodwin, Jeremy Taylor and Henry Hammond of the Anglican " Holy Living " school, and the Remonstrant Hugo Grotius.

Most of the Project's titles, especially the early work, share common traits ( likely influenced by Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon, on which Parsons was the audio engineer in 1973 ).

Bloch was highly interdisciplinary, influenced by the geography of Paul Vidal de la Blache ( 1845 – 1918 ) and the sociology of Émile Durkheim ( 1858 – 1917 ).

Spanish historiography was influenced by the " Annales School " starting in 1950 with Jaime Vincens Vives ( 1910 – 1960 ).

It has been noted that Ambrose's theology was significantly influenced by that of Origen and Didymus the Blind, two other early Christian universalists.

Her face was very thin, and burned by the sun until much of the skin was dead and peeling, the new skin under it red and angry.

Gavin's stallion was in the barn and he tightened the cinches over the saddle blanket, working by touch in the darkness, comforting the animal with easy words.

It was pierced by a wagon gate built of two wings.

In the brief moment I had to talk to them before I took my post on the ring of defenses, I indicated I was sickened by the methods men employed to live and trade on the river.

His face was split by a vermilion streak, his eyes were pools of white ; ;

It was pitiful to see the thin ranks of warriors, old and young, wheeling and twisting their ponies frantically from side to side only to be tumbled bleeding from their saddles by the relentless slam, slam of the cruelly efficient Hawkinses.

He grabbed her by the shoulders and went down on one knee, taking her weight so that some of the wind was driven out of him.

There was an artificial lake just out of sight in the first stand of trees, fed by a half dozen springs that popped out of the ground above the hillside orchard.

only the counter at one end was lighted by a long fluorescent tube suspended directly above it.

He had looked over my forms and was impressed by what he had seen there ; ;

The office was of logs, four rooms, each heated by an iron stove.

The building was dwarfed by the scene outside.

It was partially cemented by ages and pressure, yet it crumpled before the onslaught of the powerful streams, the force of a thousand fire hoses, and with the gold it held washed down through the long sluices.

Even Hague was repelled by the machinelike deadliness that was Kodyke.

When they reached their neighbor's house, Pamela said a few polite words to Grace and kissed Melissa lightly on the forehead, the impulse prompted by a stray thought -- of the type to which she was frequently subject these days -- that they might never see one another again.

She was sure she would reach the pool by climbing, and she clung to that belief despite the increasing number of obstacles.

It was secured by an oversized padlock.

The rustling problem was by no means solved.

Jess's coarse features twisted in a surprised grin which was smashed out of shape by Curt's fist.

Russ ran through the bills and named an amount it was highly unlikely any cowpuncher would come by honestly.

The truth was, the puncher was both bewildered and dismayed by his own mixed luck.

When it was followed by a second, whining even closer, Cobb swerved sharply aside into a depression.