More precisely, Ural – Altaic came to subgroup Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic as " Uralic " and Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic as " Altaic ", with Korean sometimes added to Altaic, and less often Japanese.

For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, many linguists who studied Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic regarded them as members of a common Ural – Altaic family, together with Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic, based on such shared features as vowel harmony and agglutination.

In sum, the idea was that Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic form a Sprachbund – the result of convergence through intensive borrowing and long contact among speakers of languages that are not necessarily closely related.

Starostin's ( 1991 ) lexicostatistical research claimed that the proposed Altaic groups shared about 15 – 20 % of potential cognates within a 110-word Swadesh-Yakhontov list ( e. g. Turkic – Mongolic 20 %, Turkic – Tungusic 18 %, Turkic – Korean 17 %, Mongolic – Tungusic 22 %, Mongolic – Korean 16 %, Tungusic – Korean 21 %).

For Altaicists, the version of Altaic they favor is given at the end of the entry, if other than the prevailing one of Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic – Korean – Japanese.

Altaic is a proposed language family that includes the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, and Japonic language families and the Korean language.

The assumption that Altaic is a valid family, but only consists of Japonic, Korean and Tungusic, appears to be restricted to Unger ( 1990 ).

Since then, the standard set of languages included in Altaic has comprised Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese.

Unger ( 1990 ) advocates a family consisting of Tungusic, Korean, and Japonic but not Turkic or Mongolic, and Doerfer ( 1988 ) rejects all the genetic claims over these major groups.

lacked it — instead various vowel assimilations between the first and second syllables of words occurred in Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japonic.

According to Juha Janhunen, the ancestral languages of Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese were spoken in a relatively small area comprising present-day North Korea, Southern Manchuria, and Southeastern Mongolia ( Johanson and Robbeets 2010: 2 ).

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic – Korean.

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic – Korean and perhaps Japanese.

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic and perhaps Korean.

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic – Korean.

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic and Korean – Japanese – Ainu, grouped as " North Asiatic ".

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic – Korean.

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic and Korean – Japanese – Ainu, grouped in Eurasiatic.

Turkic – Mongolic – Tungusic and Korean – Japanese – Ainu, grouped in a common taxon ( cf.

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y is otherwise found mainly among Nivkhs, and with lower frequency among Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols ( including Kalmyks and Buryats ), Chinese, Japanese, Central Asians, South Siberian Turkic peoples ( e. g. Tuvans, Todjins, Soyots ), Koryaks, Alyutors, Itelmens, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, and Malaysians.

Carr ( 1990: 169 ) notes that Japanese scholars have proposed " more than a dozen " orochi < woröti etymologies, while Western linguists have suggested loanwords from Austronesian, Tungusic, and Indo-European languages.

Traditionally, linguists considered Tungusic to be part of the Altaic language family along with the Turkic and Mongolic language families ; more recent proposals are that it belongs to Macro-Altaic, the latter including Japanese and Korean as well, or, on the other hand, that Altaic is not a genetic group, but a Sprachbund.

John C. Street ( 1962 ) proposed linking Ainu, Korean, and Japanese in one family and Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic in another, with the two families linked in a common " North Asiatic " family.

Street's grouping was an extension of the Altaic hypothesis, which at the time linked Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, sometimes adding Korean ; today it usually includes both Korean and Japanese but not Ainu ( Georg et al.

Natural objects: eu. ul ( cloud = e ' ul or egule ), s. eu. ka ( dew = siguder ), sair ( moon = sar ; in Tungusic moon =" biya "), nair ( sun = nar ), m. em / m. ng ( silver = mongo )

Shamanism | Shaman's drum depicting Tungusic creation myth | Tungus cosmology, with the World Tree at center joining underworld, earth and heaven ( based on a 1924 drawing from the original drum )

The Tungusic term was subsequently adopted by Russians interacting with the indigenous peoples in Siberia.

All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean language families, as well as ( with the exception of vowel harmony ) with Japonic, which are considered by some linguists to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in an Altaic language family.

A minority of linguists has grouped Mongolic with Turkic, Tungusic and possibly Korean and Japonic as part of the larger Altaic family.

One classification which seems favoured over other alternatives is that the Tungusic languages can be divided into a northern branch and a southern branch, with the southern branch further subdivided into southeastern and southwestern groups.

Jurchen-Manchu ( Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language ; in fact, the ethnonym " Manchu " did not come about until 1636 when Emperor Hong Taiji decreed that the term would replace " Jurchen ") is the only Tungusic language with a literary form ( in Jurchen script and later the Manchu alphabet ) which dates back to at least the mid-to late-12th century ; as such it is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic.

Tungusic has traditionally been linked with Turkic and Mongolic languages in the Altaic language family.

The Book of Wei indicates, however, that the Yanda do not share a similar language with the ( Tungusic ) Rouran or ( Turkic ) Tiele.

Nanai shamans, like other Tungusic peoples of the region, had characteristic clothing, consisting of a skirt and jacket ; a leather belt with conical metal pendants ; mittens with figures of serpents, lizards or frogs ; and hats with branching horns or bear, wolf, or fox fur attached to it.

A Tungusic people, the Jurchen, ancestors of the Manchu, formed an alliance with the Song and reduced the Kitan Empire to vassal status in a seven-year war ( 1115 – 1122 ).

Scarcely pausing in their conquests, the Tungusic Jurchen subdued neighboring Koryo ( Korea ) in 1226 and invaded the territory of their former allies, the Song, to precipitate a series of wars with China that continued through the remainder of the century.

The Ainu languages that are now spoken by Ainu minorities in Hokkaidō ; and were formerly spoken in southern and central Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands ( an area also known as Ezo ), and perhaps northern Honshū island by the Emishi people ( until approximately 1000 CE ), are associated with the founding Jōmon people of Japan from than 14, 000 years ago or earlier, and the Satsumon culture of Hokkaidō, although the Ainu also had contact with the Paleo-Siberian Okhotsk culture whose modern descendants include the Nivkh people ( whose original homeland was mostly occupied by the Tungusic people ), which could have linguistically influenced the Ainu language.

They are sometimes classed among the Paleosiberian languages, a catch-all term for language groups with no identified relationship to one another that are believed to represent remnants of the language map of Siberia prior to the advances of Turkic and Tungusic.

SIL International's Ethnologue divides Tungusic into two sub-families Northern and Southern, with Evenki alongside Even and Negidal in the Northern sub-family, and the Southern family itself subdivided into Southwestern ( among which Manchu ) and Southeastern ( Nanai and others ).

Another view accepts Altaic as a valid family but includes in it only Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic.

The idea that the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages are closely related to each other was allegedly first published in 1730 by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg, a Swedish officer who traveled in the eastern Russian Empire while a prisoner of war after the Great Northern War.

As originally formulated by Castrén, Altaic included not only Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus (= Tungusic ) but also Finno-Ugric and Samoyed.

Anti-Altaicists Gerard Clauson ( 1956 ), Gerhard Doerfer ( 1963 ), and Alexander Shcherbak argued that the words and features shared by Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic were for the most part borrowings and that the rest could be attributed to chance resemblances.

They noted that there was little vocabulary shared by Turkic and Tungusic but not Mongolic.

It tries hard to distinguish loans between Turkic and Mongolic and between Mongolic and Tungusic from cognates, and it suggests words that occur in Turkic and Tungusic but not Mongolic ; all other combinations between the five branches also occur in the book.