In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers ; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization ; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste ( modern-day Souk Ahras ); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.

Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.

The Second Barbary War ( 1815, also known as the Algerine or Algerian War ) was the second of two wars fought between the United States of America, England, and The Netherlands loosely allied against the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States.

Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis ( 10 December 189116 June 1969 ) was a British military commander and field marshal who served with distinction in both world wars and, afterwards, as Governor General of Canada, the 17th since Canadian Confederation.

Further, as a reward for his leadership in North Africa and Italy, Alexander, along with a number of other prominent British Second World War military leaders, was elevated to the peerage on 1 March 1946 by King George VI ; he was created Viscount Alexander of Tunis and Errigal in the County of Donegal.

* Tunis-At that time, Abu Yahya ( son of Abu Zajaria ) was the sultan of Tunis.

As Secretary of State, Monroe dismissed Mordecai Manuel Noah in 1815 from his post as consul to Tunis because he was Jewish.

But instead the crusade was diverted to Tunis, where Louis died.

As Tunis was Muslim territory, his body was subject to the process known as mos Teutonicus ( a postmortem funerary custom used in mediæval Europe whereby the flesh was boiled from the body, so that the bones of the deceased could be transported hygienically from distant lands back home.

Save for the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Tunis in Africa, and two naval engagements, the First Punic War was a nearly unbroken string of Roman victories.

In July 2010, a Tunisian-Saudi non-double taxation agreement was signed in Tunis, by Finance Minister Ridha Chalghoum and his Saudi counterpart Ibrahim Bin Abdulaziz Al-Assaf.

Arafat and Fatah's center for operations was based in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia, until 1993.

On 16 April 1988, as the Intifada was raging, Abu Jihad was assassinated in his Tunis household, allegedly by an Israeli hit squad.

Before their marriage, she was working as a secretary for Arafat in Tunis after her mother introduced her to him in France.

Typically, individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer, either by inheriting the title, such as the Duke of Devonshire, or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right, as was the case with the Viscount Alexander of Tunis.

Thus it was that Louis directed the Eighth Crusade against Tunis.

By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the emir, and there was little else to do but return to Sicily.

He was still in Tunis during the May 1968 student riots, where he was profoundly affected by a local student revolt earlier in the same year.

The region surrounding Constantine, Algeria ( anciently, western Numidia ) was formerly ruled primarily from Tunis.

The best roads run along the coast between Tripoli and Tunis in Tunisia ; also between Benghazi and Tobruk, connecting with Alexandria in Egypt.

Important naval victories of the Ottoman Empire in this period include the Battle of Preveza ( 1538 ); Battle of Ponza ( 1552 ); Battle of Djerba ( 1560 ); conquest of Algiers ( in 1516 and 1529 ) and Tunis ( in 1534 and 1574 ) from Spain ; conquest of Rhodes ( 1522 ) and Tripoli ( 1551 ) from the Knights of St. John ; capture of Nice ( 1543 ) from the Holy Roman Empire ; capture of Corsica ( 1553 ) from the Republic of Genoa ; capture of the Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) from Spain ; capture of Aden ( 1548 ), Muscat ( 1552 ) and Aceh ( 1565 – 67 ) from Portugal during the Indian Ocean expeditions ; among others.

Jefferson and the young American navy forced Tunis and Algiers into breaking their alliance with Tripoli which ultimately moved it out of the war.

The Barbary corsairs were pirates and privateers that operated from North African ( the " Barbary Coast ") ports of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades as well as on ships on their way to Asia around Africa until the early 19th century.

The coastlands by Tripoli, Libya called Tarabulus also had been, before the Turks, in long political association with Tunis.

Tripoli and Tunis experienced famine in 1784 and 1785 respectively.

* Early 19th century-Barbary Wars: Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis require America to pay protection money ; U. S. Navy sent in and forces abandonment of tribute ; other states demanded tribute until 1815 when Stephen Decatur again prevailed.

Services were started to Sharjah, Tehran, Khartoum, Bombay, Tripoli, Tunis, Rabat, Geneva, Frankfurt, and London.

In the 1980s, Tunis and Tripoli joined the route map, and Alia's IBM computer center was inaugurated.

It derives its name from Gen. William Eaton ( 1764 – 1811 ), the U. S. Consul at Tunis, who led a diverse army in a harrowing march from Egypt to Tripoli to meet the U. S. Naval forces.

| Turkish Airlines | Aalborg, Abidjan, Abu Dhabi, Accra, Addis Ababa, Aden 2 October 2012, Aleppo, Alexandria-Borg El Arab, Algiers, Almaty, Amman-Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Ashgabat, Astana, Athens, Baghdad, Bahrain, Baku, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Basel / Mulhouse, Basra, Batumi, Beijing-Capital, Beirut, Belgrade, Benghazi, Berlin-Brandenburg 27 October 2013, Berlin-Tegel 26 October 2013, Bilbao, Billund, Birmingham, Bishkek, Bologna, Bremen, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Cairo, Cape Town, Casablanca, Chicago-O ' Hare, Chişinău, Cologne / Bonn, Copenhagen, Dakar, Damascus, Dammam, Dar es Salaam, Delhi, Dhaka, Djibouti, Dnipropetrovsk, Doha, Donetsk, Dubai, Dublin, Dushanbe, Dusseldorf, Edinburgh, Entebbe, Erbil, Ercan, Frankfurt, Ganja, Geneva, Genoa, Gothenburg-Landvetter, Guangzhou, Hamburg, Hanover, Helsinki, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Houston-Intercontinental 1 April 2013, Hurghada 17 October 2012, Islamabad, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Kabul, Karachi, Kazan, Khartoum, Kiev-Boryspil, Kigali, Kinshasa, Kuwait, Lagos, Leipzig / Halle, Lisbon, Ljubljana, London-Gatwick, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Lyon, Madinah, Madrid, Málaga, Male 24 November 2012, Manchester, Mashhad, Milan-Malpensa, Minsk-National, Misurata, Mogadishu, Moscow-Vnukovo, Mosul, Mumbai, Munich, Muscat, Nairobi, Najaf, Nakhchivan, Naples, New York-JFK, Nice, Nouakchott, Novosibirsk, Nuremberg, Odessa, Osaka-Kansai, Osh, Oslo-Gardermoen, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Podgorica, Prague, Pristina, Riga, Riyadh, Rome-Fiumicino, Rostov-on-Don, St Petersburg, Sabha 7 October 2012, Sana ' a, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Sarajevo, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sharm el-Sheikh 9 October 2012, Shiraz, Simferopol, Singapore, Skopje, Sochi, Sofia, Stockholm-Arlanda, Stuttgart, Sulaymaniyah, Tabriz, Taif, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Tehran-Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion, Thessaloniki, Tirana, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Toulouse, Tripoli, Tunis, Turin, Ulaanbaatar, Valencia, Venice-Marco Polo, Vienna, Warsaw-Chopin, Washington-Dulles, Yanbu, Yekaterinburg, Zagreb, Zurich | 2

** The Second World War: Defence of Arras, Ypres-Comines Canal, Dunkirk 1940, Somme 1940, St. Valery-en-Caux, Saar, Breville, Odon, Fontenay le Pesnil, Defence of Rauray, Caen, Falaise, Falaise Road, La Vie Crossing, Le Havre, Lower Maas, Venlo Pocket, Ourthe, Rhineland, Reichswald, Goch, Rhine, North-West Europe 1940 ' 44-45, Barkasan, British Somaliland 1940, Tobruk 1941, Tobruk Sortie, El Alamein, Advance on Tripoli, Medenine, Zemlet el Lebene, Mareth, Akarit, Wadi Akarit East, Djebel Roumana, Medjez Plain, Si Mediene, Tunis, North Africa 1941-43, Landing in Sicily, Vizzini, Sferro, Gerbini, Adrano, Sferro Hills, Sicily 1943, Cassino II, Liri Valley, Advance to Florence, Monte Scalari, Casa Fortis, Rimini Line, Casa Fabbri Ridge, Savio Bridgehead, Italy 1944-45, Athens, Greece 1944-45, Crete, Heraklion, Middle East 1941, Chindits 1944, Burma 1944

* The Second World War: Villers Bocage, Bourguébus Ridge, Mont Pinçon, Jurques, Dives Crossing, La Vie Crossing, Lisieux, Le Touques Crossing, Risle Crossing, Roer, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Aller, North-West Europe 1944 – 45, Egyptian Frontier 1940, Withdrawal to Matruh, Bir Emba, Sidi Barrani, Buq Buq, Bardia 1941, Capture of Tobruk, Beda Fomm, Halfaya 1941, Sidi Suleiman, Tobruk 1941, Gubi I II, Gabr Saleh, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Taieb el Essem, Relief of Tobruk, Saunnu, Msus, Defence of Alamein Line, Alam el Halfa, El Alamein, Advance on Tripoli, Enfidaville, Tunis, North Africa 1940 – 43, Capture of Naples, Volturno Crossing, Italy 1943

Barbary corsairs and crews from the North African Ottoman provinces of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and the independent Sultanate of Morocco under the Alaouite Dynasty ( the Barbary Coast ) were the scourge of the Mediterranean.

Algiers and Tunis did not follow their ally in Tripoli.

The Second Barbary War ( 1815 ), also known as the Algerine or Algerian War, was the second of two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algeria known collectively as the Barbary states.

In early 1816, Britain undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ships of the line to Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop their piracy and free the Christian slaves.

The Beys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the Dey of Algiers was more recalcitrant and the negotiations were stormy.

Over the following century, Algiers and Tunis became colonies of France in 1830 and 1881 respectively, while Tripoli returned to the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1835.

Only this archipelago and the possessions of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña ( 1476 – 1524 ), Melilla ( conquered by Pedro de Estopiñán in 1497 ), Villa Cisneros ( founded in 1502 in current Western Sahara ), Mazalquivir ( 1505 ), Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera ( 1508 ), Oran ( 1509 – 1790 ), Algiers ( 1510 – 1529 ), Bugia ( 1510 – 1554 ), Tripoli ( 1511 – 1551 ), Tunis ( 1535 – 1569 ) and Ceuta ( ceded by Portugal in 1668 ) remained as Spanish territory in Africa.

Rommel had planned for this eventuality, switching his line of supply to Tunis and intending to block the southern approach to Tunisia from Tripoli by occupying an extensive set of defensive works known as the Mareth Line, which the French had constructed in order to fend off an Italian attack from Libya.

He conducted the negotiations with Tunis and Tripoli in 1685, and those with Morocco in 1687 ; and the zeal, tact and linguistic knowledge he manifested in these and other transactions with Eastern courts were at last rewarded in 1692 by his appointment to the Arabic chair in the Collège Royal de France, which he filled until his death.

More flights to North Africa were added in 1974 with the introduction of Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers and Casablanca.