The concept of metasystem transition was introduced by the cybernetician Valentin Turchin in his 1977 book " The Phenomenon of Science ", and developed among others by Francis Heylighen in the Principia Cybernetica Project.

Turchin has applied the concept of metasystem transition in the domain of computing, via the notion of metacompilation or supercompilation.

The following is the classical sequence of metasystem transitions in the history of animal evolution according to Turchin, from the origin of animate life to sapient culture:

According to Turchin and Joslyn ( 1997 ), this " natural " systemic definition is not sufficient for their Theory of Meta-system Transition, it also is not equivalent to the definition of system of systems in Autopoietic Systems Theory, and it differs from the definition proposed by K. D.

What is important is that on the basis of their models Nefedov, Turchin and Malkov have managed to demonstrate that sociodemographic cycles were a basic feature of complex agrarian systems ( and not a specifically Chinese or European phenomenon ).

The recent development of mathematical models of long-term secular sociodemographic cycles has revived interest in cyclical theories of history ( see, for example, Historical Dynamics by Peter Turchin, or Introduction to Social Macrodynamics by Andrey Korotayev et al.

Buell, noted for his iron discipline, was infuriated and brought charges against his subordinate on the scene, John B. Turchin.

The statistical method used by Turchin, however, would not discriminate between Jōmon and Yayoi sources for any Altaic linguistic affinities.

The renovations were scheduled to be completed in time for the 2006 season, but Hurricane Katrina significantly damaged Turchin Stadium, forcing a delay in the project.

After reoccupying the town on May 2, 1862 Turchin assembled his men and reportedly told them: " I shut my eyes for two hours.

Turchin returned to Chicago and worked for a time as a patent solicitor and civil engineer.

Turchin has been portrayed by many in the South as a villainous figure for the so called " Rape of Athens ," however his actions presaged those that other Union commanders, in particular William Tecumseh Sherman, would adopt in prosecuting total war against the Confederacy.

The back of campus, between Willow Street and South Claiborne, is home to two residence halls, Reily Recreation Center and Turchin Stadium, the home of Green Wave baseball.

The university has committed to upgrading its athletic facilities in recent years, extensively renovating Turchin Stadium ( baseball ) in 2008, Fogelman Arena ( basketball and volleyball ) in 2006 and 2012, and Goldring Tennis Center in 2008.

Turchin was court-martialled but not cashiered from service as Buell wanted, and was in fact promoted to brigadier general.

It investigates dynamic processes in history, and is led by Peter Turchin and Andrey Korotayev.

The term was originally coined by Peter Turchin in 2003.

Some linguists, such as Turchin, see a connection between Japanese and Korean and an Altaic language family or similar larger grouping of languages, with those speakers coming from an area North of Korea, based in part upon similarities in lexical roots.

Marshall returned to the " Big Easy " in May and knocked Tulane out of the C-USA Tournament on the Green Wave home field, Turchin Stadium, in the C-USA Tournament, 10 – 5 and 8 – 7.

Voluntary and involuntary emigration allowed the authorities to rid themselves of many political active intellectuals including writers Valentin Turchin, Georgi Vladimov, Vladimir Voinovich, Lev Kopelev, Vladimir Maximov, Naum Korzhavin, Vasily Aksyonov and others.

* Turchin, P., et al., eds.

Gen. John B. Turchin.

Gen. John B. Turchin and the 2nd under Brig.

Upon landing, Hazen secured the bridgehead and then positioned a pontoon bridge across the river, allowing Turchin to cross and take position on his right.

Stanley commanded the corps with Robert B. Mitchell and John B. Turchin commanding the 1st and 2nd Divisions respectively.

* The television comedy Second City Television ( SCTV ) uses the concept of the crane shot as comedic material.

The initial paper describing the concept listed possible uses as a memory, a delay line, and an imaging device.

The request-and-grant process uses a lease concept with a controllable time period, allowing the DHCP server to reclaim ( and then reallocate ) IP addresses that are not renewed.

It uses the concept of a boundary condition.

The Canadian Firearms Program uses the concept of The Four Firearm ACTS:

Schneider uses the concept of the " objective historian " to suggest that this could be used as an aid in assessing what makes an historian suitable to be an expert witnesses under the Daubert standard in the United States.

The 1915 novel Plutonia by Vladimir Obruchev uses the concept of the hollow Earth to take the reader through various geological epochs.

His concept of " egoistic property " not only a lack of moral restraint on how own obtains and uses things, but includes other people as well.

Behe uses the mousetrap as an illustrative example of this concept.

" Adams uses this concept in many of his influential pieces post-Nixon in China.

Marx uses the concept of " socially necessary abstract labor-time " to introduce a social perspective distinct from his predecessors and neoclassical economics.

* In the essay " Homesteading the Noosphere ", programmer and advocate Eric S. Raymond uses the concept in discussing the social workings of open-source software development.

China covers a large geographic area and uses the concept of " Zhonghua minzu " or Chinese nationality, in the sense of ethnic groups, but it also officially recognizes the majority Han ethnic group which accounts for over 90 % of the population, and no fewer than 55 ethnic national minorities.

Although Plato does not have an explicit theory of natural law ( he almost never uses the phrase natural law except in Gorgias 484 and Timaeus 83e ), his concept of nature, according to John Wild, contains some of the elements found in many natural law theories.

* The Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor ( CAESAR ) is a nuclear reactor concept that uses steam as a moderator — this design is still in development.

Everybody understands what we mean when we talk about playing a game, and we can even clearly identify and correct inaccurate uses of the word, all without reference to any definition that consists of necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of the concept of a game.

The German version of the Lord's Prayer uses the words for "" ( usually translated as " thy kingdom come " in English ) Himmelreich is the German term for the concept of " kingdom of heaven ".

Various suggestions have been made regarding a precise definition of RISC, but the general concept is that of a system that uses a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of instructions often found in other types of architectures.

Schiphol uses a one terminal concept, where all facilities are located under a single roof, fanning off the central ' plaza '.

The Forester XTI concept vehicle uses the 2. 5 liter intercooled turbo engine from Subaru WRX STI, 6-speed manual transmission, 18 x 8-inch S204 forged alloy wheels with Yokohama Advan Neova 255 / 40R18 performance tires, adjustable coil-over suspension, Brembo brakes with 4-piston front calipers, 2-piston rear calipers, Super Sport ABS and Electronic Brake-force Distribution ( EBD ), leather and Alcantara sport seats, a special instrument cluster, front dash and center console and leather-wrapped steering wheel.

The functional language Haskell restricts side effects with a static type system ; it uses the concept of monads to do stateful and IO computations .< ref > Imperative Functional Programming, Simon Peyton Jones and Phil Wadler, < em > Conference Record of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages </ em >, pages 71 – 84, 1993 </ ref >

It uses the same 3D game engine as the previous game, and added a time-based concept, in which Link, the protagonist, relives the events of three days as many times as needed to complete the game's objectives.

Other popular fictional works that use the concept of virtual reality include William Gibson's Neuromancer which defined the concept of cyberspace, Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash, in which he made extensive reference to the term avatar to describe one's representation in a virtual world, and Rudy Rucker's The Hacker and the Ants, in which programmer Jerzy Rugby uses VR for robot design and testing.

A slight modification to the Voitenko compressor concept is a super-compressed detonation, a device that uses a compressible liquid or solid fuel in the steel compression chamber instead of a traditional gas mixture.