The White Russians and the Ukrainians would say that Stalin and Molotov were far less reliable defenders of Russia than Curzon and Clemenceau.

Since Soviet times, when Ukrainians were recognised as a separate nationality deserving of its own Soviet Republic, such linguistic-political claims had disappeared from circulation.

As World War II unfolded, Nazi Germany deported and killed millions of Jews and many millions of others were likewise enslaved or murdered, including Ukrainians, Russians and other Slavs.

The main minority ethnic groups of the former Commonwealth, including Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Jews, were getting involved in their own national movements and plans, which met with disapproval on the part of those ethnically Polish independence activists, who counted on an eventual rebirth of the Commonwealth.

Rebellious peasants, striking industrial workers and nationalist Ukrainians became targets of ruthless military pacification, other minorities were harassed.

The ethnic Lithuanian population is estimated to have been 420, 000 out of 1. 4 million in 1375 ( the territory was about 700, 000 km < sup > 2 </ sup >), and 550, 000 out of 3. 8 million in 1490 ( territory: 850, 000 km < sup > 2 </ sup >) Ruthenians were only nowadays Ukrainians and the whole Belarus including Smolensk and Mozhaisk Galindians were of Lithuanian ethnicity ( belonging to the same family as Prussians or Latvians ).

Poles from Central Poland and the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians expelled from Southern Poland throughout the Operation Vistula, were resettled in Masuria.

The war brought the threat of physical disintegration of the Soviet Union, as German forces were initially welcomed as liberators by many Belarussians, Georgians, and Ukrainians.

The many ethnic groups such as Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians, Jews, Italians, and African Americans that began to settle in Chicago in the early 1900s were mostly detached from the political system, due in part to lack of organization which led to underrepresentation in the City Council.

After World War II, when the Curzon line proposed in 1919 by the Western Allies as Poland's eastern border war implemented, members of all ethnic groups were transferred to their respective new territories ( Poles to Poland, Ukrainians to Soviet Ukraine ).

2, 100, 000 persons ) and Ukrainians that resided west of the established Poland-Soviet Union border were deported to Soviet Ukraine.

Additionally, different nationalities were separated, men and women were separated, and working nationalities like Jews and Ukrainians were separated within the camps walls.

The historical records show that the Treblinka camp guards were of varied ethnic groups and nationalities, comprising not only Germans ( Volksdeutsche ) but also a number of Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Moldovans, Latvians, and representatives of Soviet Central Asia ( including a number of collaborating Soviet prisoners of war ).

Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people, predominantly Ukrainians but also Russians, Belarusians and Poles, were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate.

2, 100, 000 persons ) ( see Repatriation of Poles ) and Ukrainians residing west of the new border were deported to Soviet Ukraine.

For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in Halychyna and Bukovyna, where Ukrainian was widely used in education and in official documents.

According to the agreements of the Yalta Conference, Lviv was integrated into the Ukrainian SSR, most of the Poles living in Lviv were transferred into Polish Recovered Territories and the city became the main centre of the western part of Soviet Ukraine, inhabited predominantly by Ukrainians with significant Russian minority.

Today, stanitsa-type formations have only survived in Kuban ( Russian Federation ) where Ukrainians were resettled during the time of the Russian Empire.

Some historians suggest that the Cossack people were of mixed ethnic origins, descending from Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Turks, Tatars, and others who settled or passed through the vast Steppe.

Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled throughout Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part.

Thousands of other Ukrainians were killed at Babi Yar.

However, it also led to the inclusion of various sizable minorities, including Magyars ( ethnic Hungarians ), Germans, Jews, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, etc., for a total of about 28 % of the population ( Magyars mostly in Transylvania ; Germans in Transylvania, Bukovina, and Banat ; Ukrainians in part of Bessarabia and Bukovina, Bulgarians in Dobrudja ).

It is believed that up to the 14th century, ancestors of the modern Ukrainians spoke dialects of the language known collectively as Old East Slavic ( today known as Ruthenian language ), also spoken by other East Slavs of Kievan Rus.

There are also Roma ( 2. 74 %), Croats ( 1. 88 %), Germans ( 1. 11 %), Serbs ( 1. 82 %), Hungarians ( 1. 19 %) and Ukrainians ( 0. 94 %).

Its ethnic composition is predominantly Russian, but Ukrainians, Tatars, and Chuvash also live in the oblast.

There are also sizable numbers of Slovaks ( 3 %), Russians ( 1. 7 %), Czechs ( 1. 6 %), French, either from France or Canada ( 1. 4 %), Arabs ( 1. 4 %), Scots ( 1. 4 %), Ukrainians ( 1. 2 %), and Greeks ( 0. 7 %).

Besides Poles, the west side of the river was also settled with a sizable community of Italian immigrants as well as Czechoslovakians, Ukrainians, Syrians, and other mostly Eastern European nationalities.

This is also when the burdei ( below-ground ) style of house construction was developed, which was still used by Romanians and Ukrainians up until the 20th Century.

Some of the Ukrainians on the western side, notably around the city of Kholm ( Chełm in Polish ), were also allowed to move to Ukraine.

Pokuttya was inhabited by Ruthenians ( predecessors of modern Ukrainians ) and Hutsuls ; the latter also reside in western Bukovina.

Ukrainians also arrived in big groups, and today are the majority in some small cities in the south, specially Prudentópolis.

In Ingria they were replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union, mostly Russians, but also Ukrainians and Tatars.

Russian music also includes significant contributions from ethnic minorities ( such as the Jewish, Ukrainians, Romani and others ) who populated the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and modern day Russia.

Ukrainians also have a special devotion for the Madonna of Częstochowa.

Later waves of immigration also brought many Poles and, especially, Ukrainians to the area.

There are also teips that were formed, sometimes temporarily, by Russians ( teips Orsi, Arsoi ), Poles or Ukrainians.

Ukrainians and Belarusians found themselves without a province of their own, and some Poles also found themselves within the borders of the Soviet Union.

Forty-four percent of Albertans are of British descent, and there are also large numbers of Germans, Ukrainians, and Scandinavians.

The event was celebrated to prove the old and brotherly love between Ukrainians and Russians, and proof of the Soviet Union as a " family of nations "; it was also another way of legitimising Marxism – Leninism.

The area was originally settled by immigrants of Russian Mennonite origin and is also highly populated with Ukrainians and recent German immigrants.

In contrast to the Belarusians and Eastern Ukrainians, the Western Ukrainians who came to live in Austria-Hungary retained not only the name Ruthenian but also much more of the Church Slavonic and Polish elements of Ruthenian.

Education is free and compulsory to the age of fifteen ( 24 ; this was changed to " set by law " as unpractical in the education reform of 1970s ); citizens of Hungarian, Ukrainian, and Polish ethnicity are ensured " all opportunities and means for education in their mother tongue " ( 25 ; this was abolished and replaced by somewhat more detailed constitutional law on minorities 144 / 1968, which also took in account Germans and listed Rusyns as synonym to Ukrainians ).