Under French law, an association can represent the collective interests of consumers ; however, each claimant must be individually named in the lawsuit.

Under the Ancien Régime, French society was divided into three estates (" États " in French ).

Under his auspices the French established a khān ( hostel ) in Sidon, the Florentines a consulate, and Christian missionaries were admitted into the country.

Under French rule, the educated class learned French and the language became widely used.

Under Grindal, a talented and skilful tutor, she also progressed in French and Greek.

Under Louis XIV France achieved military supremacy over its rivals, but escalating conflicts against increasingly powerful enemy coalitions checked French ambitions and left the kingdom bankrupt at the opening of the 18th century.

Under the French, the country formed the Territory of Guinea within French West Africa, administered by a governor general resident in Dakar.

Under the Constitution of 1791, the solution of a constitutional monarchy was adopted, and the king supported a war against Austria in order to increase his popularity, starting the long French Revolutionary Wars.

Under stronger political pressures the French government ultimately evacuated its troops from Suez.

Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.

Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers ( colons ) and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy.

* Under the French Ancien Régime, it was of habit to " plant a May " or a " tree of May " in the honor of somebody.

Under Colbert, the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports.

* Minerva is featured on the seals of many schools and colleges: on that of Union College in Schenectady, NY, the motto is ( translated from the French ) " Under the laws of Minerva, we are all brothers.

Under protest from the PLO, Iraq, and Libya, who claimed that because Abu Daoud was traveling to a PLO comrade's funeral he should receive diplomatic immunity, the French government refused a West German extradition request on grounds that forms had not been filled in properly, and put him on a plane to Algeria before Germany could submit another request.

Under the command of Joseph de Pont Duvivier, the French had a garrison of 20 French troops at Port-la-Joye.

Under its French name Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l ' Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 ( extinguished 1926 ).

Under Clement VIII he himself was made protonotary and nuncio to the French court ; Paul V also employed him in a similar capacity, afterwards raising him, in 1606, to Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Montorio and appointing him the papal legate to Bologna.

Under the law as it existed until 1943, the Federal Government made grants to the States on the basis of population, matching State expenditures on a 50-50 basis.

Under this law annual grants are given to systems in substantial amounts.

Under another law, hundreds of farms were seized.

Under United States patent law, the abstract may be called " Abstract of the Disclosure ".

Under Ambrose's major influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of Paganism .< ref name = " MacMullen1984p100 "> MacMullen ( 1984 ) p. 100: ‘ The law of June 391, issued by Theodosius [...] was issued from Milan and represented the will of its bishop, Ambrose ; for Theodosius — recently excommunicated by Ambrose, penitent, and very much under his influence < sup > 43 </ sup > — was no natural zealot.

Under the Roman Dutch law in force in South Africa affray falls within the definition of vis publica.

Under modern canon law, a man who is appointed a cardinal must accept ordination as a bishop, unless he already is one, or seek special permission from the pope to decline such ordination.

Under current United States law, bio-agents which have been declared by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services or the U. S. Department of Agriculture to have the " potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety " are officially defined as " select agents ".

Under Swiss law, bankruptcy can be a consequence of insolvency.

Under English law, successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that, unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles, the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them.

Under Israeli law, inherited from British Mandate municipal law, the possibility of creating a municipal borough exists.

Under the common law of England, crimes were classified as either treason, felony or misdemeanour, with treason sometimes being included with the felonies.

Under Roman law, Roman culture under the Empire came to tolerate concubinage as long as the relationship was durable and exclusive ; for Roman jurists, concubinage was an honorable de facto situation.

Under Canadian law, the term " Canadian rye whisky " is simply synonymous with " Canadian whisky ", and the primary mash ingredient in most Canadian whisky is corn.

Under common law, a liquidated damages clause will not be enforced if the purpose of the term is solely to punish a breach ( in this case it is termed penal damages ).

Under FINA law, no dive may be changed after the deadline for the dive-sheet to be submitted ( generally a period ranging from one hour to 24 hours, depending on the rulings made by the event organiser ).

Under the presidency of William Jewett Tucker ( 1893 – 1909 ), Dartmouth underwent a major revitalization of facilities, faculty, and the student body, following large endowments such as the $ 10, 000 given by Dartmouth alumnus and law professor John Ordronaux.

Under US law and the laws of most other developed countries, derivatives have special legal exemptions that make them a particularly attractive legal form to extend credit.

Under Texas law, the death penalty can only be issued if the jury is convinced that the defendant is not only guilty, but will commit further violent crimes in the future if he is not put to death.

Under Italian law franchise is defined as an arrangement between two financially independent parties where a franchisee is granted, in exchange for a consideration, the right to market goods and services under particular trademarks.

Modern customs and institutions offer few useful parallels to the legal and social context which defined the gladiatoria munera Under law, anyone condemned to the arena or the gladiator schools ( ad ludum ) was a servus poenae under sentence of death unless manumitted.

Under the Toubon law, schools that do not use French as the medium of instruction are ineligible for government funding.

Under the aegis of the Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, who promulgated the Code, effective in 1918.

Under the Basic Law of December 1963, limited autonomy was authorized under a joint legislative body for the territory's two provinces.

He has appeared in a large variety of films, most notably in the 1980s and 1990s in major action releases such as Lethal Weapon, Point Break, and Under Siege, as well as making guest appearances on Gunsmoke, Walker, Texas Ranger, Law & Order, and Entourage.

Under the Basic Law, electoral law could be amended to allow for this as soon as 2007 ( Hong Kong Basic Law Annex. 1, Sect. 7 ).

Under the Basic Law of Hong Kong, its diplomatic relations and defence are the responsibility of the Central People's Government of the PRC.

Under the act polygamy was illegal, and inheritance and succession would be governed by the Indian Succession Act, rather than the respective Muslim Personal Law.

Under the plan of the US Constitution the Congress was delegated the power to declare or define the Law of Nations in cases where its terms might be vague or indefinite.

Under the Law of Military Organization of the Sandinista Popular Army enacted just before Chamorro's election victory, Humberto Ortega retained authority over promotions, military construction, and force deployments.

Note that complete electronic copies of the Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 are available online, as are most of the other proceedings from the Nuremberg Trials.

Under the terms of the Joint Venture Law, the Soviet partner supplied labor, infrastructure, and a potentially large domestic market.

Under the so-called " Volkswagen Law ", any shareholder with more than 20 % of the voting rights has veto power over any corporate decision in the annual general meeting – in effect, any shareholder in VW AG cannot exercise more than 20 % of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding.

Under United States Copyright Law, " titles, names [...]; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring " are not eligible for copyright ; however, the appearance of signatures ( not the names themselves ) may be protected under copyright law.

Under the Law, the municipalities, cities and settlements make the bases of the territorial organization.

Under the new " Law for the Maintenance of Order and Public Security " the " Tribunales Populares Anti-Somozistas " allowed for the indefinite holding of suspected counter-revolutionaries without trial.

* Title 18, U. S. C., Section 242 – Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law:

Under the Second Protocol of the Universal Copyright Convention ( Paris text ), protection under U. S. Copyright Law is expressly required for works published by the United Nations, by U. N. specialized agencies and by the Organization of American States.

Under the original Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, the responsibility for catching runaway slaves fell on officials of the states from which the slaves came, and the Underground Railroad thrived.

Under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice-President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State.

Some of the influential and popular directors from the 1980s to 2000s include James Cameron ( the first two Terminator films, Aliens, True Lies ); Andrew Davis ( Code of Silence, Above the Law, Under Siege ); John Woo ( Hong Kong action films such as Hard Boiled and US-made English-language films such as Hard Target, Broken Arrow and Face / Off ); John McTiernan ( the first and third Die Hard films, Predator, The Last Action Hero ); Ridley Scott ( Black Rain, Black Hawk Down ); The Wachowski Brothers ( The Matrix trilogy ), Andrzej Bartkowiak ( Romeo Must Die, Exit Wounds, Cradle 2 the Grave, Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li ), Robert Rodriguez ( Mexico trilogy, From Dusk till Dawn, Machete ) and Michael Bay ( the first two Bad Boys films, The Rock, Transformers trilogy ); Louis Leterrier ( the first two Transporter films, Unleashed ).

Under the Ley de Igualdad de Oportunidades ( Law of Equal Opportunities ), no person can be discriminated by their disabilities if they are equally capable as another person.

* The African Activist Archive Project website has material on the struggle for independence and support in the U. S. for that struggle produced by many U. S. organizations including National Namibia Concerns, the Lawyers ' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( and predecessor organizations ).

Under the Basic Law the president was to be elected by a specially convened body called the Federal Convention ( Bundesversammlung ) to serve a five-year term.

Under the Basic Law, the fundamentals of the constitution in Art.