Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union was able to depose Karmal and replace him with Mohammad Najibullah.

Under Deng Xiaoping, the leadership of China embarked upon a programme of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program of the late 1980s.

Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he returned to Moscow and resided in the Simonov Monastery until he

Under perestroika, shortly before its collapse, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Mikhail Gorbachev implemented reforms to allow multiple candidates, all from the local Communist Party, to run against each other.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviet Peace Committee developed bilateral international contacts " in which the WPC not only played no role, but was a liability.

Under President Vladimir Putin, and suffering from declining sales, Moscow News was bought by Mikhail Khodorkovsky, one of Russia's oligarchs and owner of Yukos.

Under Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich, construction of the first three-masted ship, actually built within Russia, was completed in 1636.

Under Empress Elizabeth, its fortunes soared once again, when Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov became Vice-Chancellor of the Russian Empire.

Under Gorbachev, relatively young, reform-oriented technocrats, who had begun their careers in the heyday of " de − Stalinization " under Nikita Khrushchev ( 1958 – 1964 ), rapidly consolidated power within the CPSU, providing new momentum for political and economic liberalization, and the impetus for cultivating warmer relations and trade with the West.

Under Gorbachev, relatively young reform-oriented technocrats rapidly consolidated power, providing new momentum for political and economic liberalization, and the impetus for cultivating warmer relations and trade with the West.

Under Gorbachev, Soviet policymakers increasingly accepted Reagan administration warnings that the U. S. would make the arms race a huge burden for them.

The only other works at least technically original were dreary farces -- Send Me No Flowers ( closed ), Under The Yum-Yum Tree, Critic's Choice.

Under scrutiny, two of the witnesses said, were payments and loans to Stein's National Maintenance company at 543 Madison St..

Under the circumstances, the only protection for the relatively small manufacturers is to engage in exactly the kind of conspiracy with the giants for which the latter were convicted.

Under another law, hundreds of farms were seized.

Under this standard, the appellate court gives deference to the lower court's view of the evidence, and reverses its decision only if it were a clear abuse of discretion.

Under the Cronquist system, only the Apiaceae and Araliaceae were included here, and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids.

Under Arianism, Christ was instead not consubstantial with God the Father since both the Father and the Son under Arius were made of " like " essence or being ( see homoiousia ) but not of the same essence or being ( see homoousia ).

Under the heading of " places ," his class explores where texts were made, read, and listened to, including monasteries, schools and universities, offices of the state, the shops of merchants and booksellers, printing houses, theaters, libraries, studies, and closets.

Under Soviet rule, both the villages were forced to disband and residents were moved to the Russian dominated Zaporozhye rural settlement in Ust-Bolsheretsky Raion.

Under Sargon, the ensis generally retained their positions, but were seen more as provincial governors.

Under Pericles, in 450 BC, restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born from citizen parentage on both sides.

Under his lead, some good results were achieved and European football was secured.

Under Augustus the office lost much of its importance, its judicial functions and the care of the games being transferred to the praetor, while its city responsibilities were limited by the appointment of a praefectus urbi.

* – both of Young's books were commissioned by the U. S. Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense ( Installations and Environment )

Under the strong rule of Abdur Rahman these outlying territories were closely welded to Kabul ; but after the accession of Habibullah the bonds once more relaxed.

Under Abdülaziz's reign, Turkey's first postage stamps were issued in 1863, and Turkey joined the Universal Postal Union in 1875 as a founding member.

Under 10 % of organisms were predators or scavengers, although since these organisms were larger, the biomass was split equally between each of the filter feeding, deposit feeding, predatory and scavenging organisms.

Under the Cronquist system, the Brassicales were called the Capparales, and included among the " Dilleniidae ".

Under the Treaty of Hünkar Iskelesi of 1833, the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits were to be closed on Russian demand to naval vessels of other powers.

Under the time-sharing model the users were given individual computer terminals and interacted directly.

Under the Labour government of James Callaghan, a review by Lord Beswick had led to the reprieve of the so-called ' Beswick plants ', for social reasons, but subsequent governments were obliged under EU rules to withdraw subsidies.

Under the Cronquist system, the first four families ( including Begoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Datiscaceae ), were placed in the order Violales, within the Dilleniidae, with the Tetramelaceae subsumed within the Datiscaceae.

Under the new communist system, privately owned factories and estates were nationalized, and the economy was based on a type of planned market socialism.

Under the Covenant of Works mankind, represented ultimately in a covenantal sense under Adam beginning from the Garden of Eden, failed to live as God intended and stood condemned.

Under development since 1935, this amphibious tractor was originally intended for use by Army engineers to assist with river crossings.

Under the deal, Paramount is required to distribute the DreamWorks animated films for a small fee intended only to cover Paramount's out of pocket costs with no profit to the studio, including the Shrek franchise ( and ending for the 2004 installment, Shrek 2 ).

Under legislation intended to enhance stability, new governments remain immune from no-confidence votes for the first 18 months of their incumbency.

Under the terms of the Peace of Louviers ( December 1195 ) between Richard and Philip II, neither king was allowed to fortify the site ; despite this, Richard intended to build the vast Chateau Gaillard.

Under the original provisions of the Constitution, senators were elected by state legislatures ; this was intended to ensure that the Federal government contained representatives of the states, and also to provide a body not dependent on popular support that could afford to " take a more detached view of issues coming before Congress.

Under the interdict, Church sacraments including marriage and consecrated burial are probably stopped, but there is no sign of the popular discontent which interdicts are intended to produce over the next several years.

Under the traditional common law, the guilt or innocence of a person relied upon whether he had committed the crime ( actus reus ), and whether he intended to commit the crime ( mens rea ).

Under the bankruptcy reorganization agreement, the company paid $ 750 million to the SEC in cash and stock in the new MCI, which was intended to be paid to wronged investors.

Because music videos are mainly intended to promote the artist, such videos are comparatively rare ; three early 1980s examples are Bruce Springsteen's " Atlantic City ", directed by Arnold Levine, David Mallet's video for David Bowie and Queen's " Under Pressure ", and Ian Emes ' video for Duran Duran's " The Chauffeur ".

Under Bishop Gower ( 1328 – 1347 ) the Cathedral was modified further, with the rood screen and the Bishop ’ s Palace, intended as permanent reminders of his episcopacy.

Under the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Quebec colony ( including parts of what is today Quebec, Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador ) was divided in two: Lower Canada ( which retained French law and institutions and is now divided between the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador ) and Upper Canada ( a new colony intended to accommodate the many English-speaking settlers, including the United Empire Loyalists, and now part of Ontario ).

Under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's doctrine of a return to nature, this book was at first intended to be a short narrative of the collapse of the life of a young artist.

Under orders from the German government, the magazine was intended to turn the people against Poland because of the final drawing up of the German-Polish border in Upper Silesia.

Under his influence he abandoned the short brushstrokes of impressionism to experiment with scientifically juxtaposed small dots of pure color, intended to combine and blend not on the canvas but in the viewer's eye, the defining feature of pointillism.

Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, an assertive statement can be oral, written, or non-verbal conduct if it was intended to be an assertion.

Under both models, R & D differs from the vast majority of a company's activities which are intended to yield nearly immediate profit or immediate improvements in operations and involve little uncertainty as to the return on investment ( ROI ).

Iorga concentrated on redacting memoirs, published as Supt trei regi (" Under Three Kings "), whereby he intended to counter political hostility.

Under this act it is an offence to perform an act which is intended to and does intimidate a person who the offender knows or believes to be involved with a criminal case with the intention of disturbing the proceedings.

Under a controversial anti-pornography law that came into effect in Indonesia in 2008, defendants can face up to twelve years in prison, even if the court determines they never intended the videos to be leaked to the public.

Under the principle and guideline on the work of ideological propaganda and agitation put by the country's ruling party, the Workers ' Party of Korea, the agency generally reports only good news about the country that is intended to encourage its people and project a positive image abroad.

Under a six year plan, Major League Baseball was intended to receive 85 % of the first $ 140 million in advertising revenue ( or 87. 5 % of advertising revenues and corporate sponsorship from the games until sales top a specified level ), 50 % of the next $ 30 million, and 80 % of any additional money.

Under the wedding canopy, Leah ' le suddenly cries out to her intended: " You are not my bridegroom!

Under the Anglo-Irish Treaty this body was intended to prepare the ground for the creation of an independent state called the Irish Free State.