Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.

Under the early Roman empire the place was known as Caesarea, and was the metropolis of Cilicia Secunda.

Under strong pressure from Stilicho, the Roman Senate consented to promise its payment.

Under the Roman alliance, the more oligarchic parts of the Athenian constitution, the Areopagus and election of officials, became relatively more important, and the Assembly and selection by lot less so.

Under the management of Luigi Barbesino, the Roman club came close to their first title in 1935 – 36 ; finishing just one point behind champions Bologna.

Under the Empire, Roman colonies and cities often had officials with powers similar to those of the republican aediles, although their powers widely varied.

Under the Roman Dutch law in force in South Africa affray falls within the definition of vis publica.

Under Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, Roman Catholic bishops, priests, and deacons are again permitted to use the 1962 edition of the Roman Breviary, promulgated by Pope John XXIII to satisfy their obligation to recite the Divine Office every day.

Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Under the status quo, the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily.

Under Roman law, a former gladiator could not " offer such services those of a gladiator after manumission, because they cannot be performed without endangering life.

Under other classical authors this sometimes included regions of Sarmatia as well as an area under Roman control on the west bank of the Rhine.

Under pressure of the Huns, the chieftain Fritigern approached the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens in 376 with a portion of the Thervingi and asked to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube.

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons were placed under the Emperor's control.

Under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic.

Under the Rashidun, the Arabs conquered the Persian Empire, along with Roman Syria and Roman Egypt during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, all within just seven years from 633 to 640.

Under Pope Clement III and Pope Celestine III he was treasurer of the Roman Church, notably compiling the Liber Censuum, and served as acting Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1194 until 1198.

Under the terms of the treaty with Rome, such disputes were arbitrated by the Roman Senate.

Under Roman influence, instruction in rhetoric developed into a full curriculum including instruction in grammar ( study of the poets ), preliminary exercises ( progymnasmata ), and preparation of public speeches ( declamation ) in both forensic and deliberative genres.

Under the law as it existed until 1943, the Federal Government made grants to the States on the basis of population, matching State expenditures on a 50-50 basis.

Under this law annual grants are given to systems in substantial amounts.

Under another law, hundreds of farms were seized.

Under United States patent law, the abstract may be called " Abstract of the Disclosure ".

Under Ambrose's major influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of Paganism .< ref name = " MacMullen1984p100 "> MacMullen ( 1984 ) p. 100: ‘ The law of June 391, issued by Theodosius [...] was issued from Milan and represented the will of its bishop, Ambrose ; for Theodosius — recently excommunicated by Ambrose, penitent, and very much under his influence < sup > 43 </ sup > — was no natural zealot.

Under modern canon law, a man who is appointed a cardinal must accept ordination as a bishop, unless he already is one, or seek special permission from the pope to decline such ordination.

Under current United States law, bio-agents which have been declared by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services or the U. S. Department of Agriculture to have the " potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety " are officially defined as " select agents ".

Under French law ( the Toubon Law ), it is illegal for commercial signage to be in Breton alone ; it must be bilingual or else in French alone.

Under Swiss law, bankruptcy can be a consequence of insolvency.

Under English law, successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that, unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles, the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them.

Under Israeli law, inherited from British Mandate municipal law, the possibility of creating a municipal borough exists.

Under the common law of England, crimes were classified as either treason, felony or misdemeanour, with treason sometimes being included with the felonies.

Under Canadian law, the term " Canadian rye whisky " is simply synonymous with " Canadian whisky ", and the primary mash ingredient in most Canadian whisky is corn.

Under French law, an association can represent the collective interests of consumers ; however, each claimant must be individually named in the lawsuit.

Under common law, a liquidated damages clause will not be enforced if the purpose of the term is solely to punish a breach ( in this case it is termed penal damages ).

Under FINA law, no dive may be changed after the deadline for the dive-sheet to be submitted ( generally a period ranging from one hour to 24 hours, depending on the rulings made by the event organiser ).

Under the presidency of William Jewett Tucker ( 1893 – 1909 ), Dartmouth underwent a major revitalization of facilities, faculty, and the student body, following large endowments such as the $ 10, 000 given by Dartmouth alumnus and law professor John Ordronaux.

Under US law and the laws of most other developed countries, derivatives have special legal exemptions that make them a particularly attractive legal form to extend credit.

Under Texas law, the death penalty can only be issued if the jury is convinced that the defendant is not only guilty, but will commit further violent crimes in the future if he is not put to death.

Under Italian law franchise is defined as an arrangement between two financially independent parties where a franchisee is granted, in exchange for a consideration, the right to market goods and services under particular trademarks.

Modern customs and institutions offer few useful parallels to the legal and social context which defined the gladiatoria munera Under law, anyone condemned to the arena or the gladiator schools ( ad ludum ) was a servus poenae under sentence of death unless manumitted.

Under the Third, Fourth and Fifth republics, humiliating practices aimed at stamping out the Breton language and culture prevailed in state schools until the late 1960s.

Under Mahathir bin Mohamad ’ s long Prime Ministership ( 1981 – 2003 ), Malaysia ’ s political culture became increasingly centralized and authoritarian, due to Mahathir's belief that the multiethnic Malaysia could only remain stable through controlled democracy.

Under Hideyoshi's patronage, Rikyū made significant changes to the aesthetics of the tea ceremony that had lasting influence over many aspects of Japanese culture.

Under the Arab Abbasid Caliphate, the eighth and ninth centuries were a golden age of learning and culture in Mawarannahr.

Under the two preceding kings, Amon and Manasseh, idolatry had been introduced in the most shameful forms ( especially the cult of Baal and Astarte ) into the Holy City, and with this foreign cult came a foreign culture and a great corruption of morals.

Under him Vienna became the centre of culture in Germany and the great school of Minnesingers.

Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture.

Simon also collaborated with several artists of his own culture, singing a memorable duet with Linda Ronstadt in " Under African Skies ", and playing with Los Lobos in " All Around the World or The Myth of the Fingerprints ".

Under such conditions, it is fairly obvious that scientific research may have political consequences, and the Boasians saw no conflict between their scientific attempts to understand other cultures, and the political implications of critiquing their own culture.

Under the voting rules, abstentions were not counted but in Oglala Lakota culture, for example, abstention had traditionally equaled a no vote.

Under the Ming dynasty, Chinese culture bloomed.

Under King Evagoras ( 411-374 BCE ) Greek culture and art flourished in the city and it would be interesting one day when the spade of the archaeologist uncovers public buildings of this period.

Under Song rule, China entered another era of culture and prosperity, and Kaifeng overtook Luoyang and Chang ' an as the largest city in China and the world.

It also parodies Australian people and aspects of Australian culture, such as the Crocodile Dundee, The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Mad Max movies, the Australian beer XXXX, Vegemite, thongs, cork hats, the Peach Nellie, and the popular Australian songs " Waltzing Matilda " and " Down Under ".

Under its Nabatean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by Aramaic culture and was a centre of national reaction against Hellenism.

Under Dutch rule, Jewish culture developed in Recife.

Under his tenure as Mayor, Drapeau oversaw the dramatic face change to the Golden Square Mile district of Montreal, most notably the destruction of the Van Horne Mansion, which he declared was impossible to preserve for cultural reasons because it was not part of Quebec's culture.

Under Lee, Taiwan underwent a process of localization in which local culture and history was promoted over a pan-China viewpoint.

Under James, the " Golden Age " of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture.

Under the reign of Wenceslas I of Bohemia, the royal court came to cultivate lifestyles typical of contemporary Western Europe, including the culture of jousting and tournaments and the enjoyment of courtly poetry and songs.

Under the 1973 Constitution, Fundamental Rights include security of person, safeguards as to arrest and detention, prohibition of slavery and forced labour, freedom of movement, freedom of association, freedom of speech, freedom to profess religion and safeguards to religious institutions, non-discrimination in respect of access to public places and in service, preservation of languages, script and culture.

" Under the motto, ‘ Let my people go !, the Soviet Jewry movement caught the attention of statesmen and public figures throughout the West, who considered the Soviet Union ’ s policy toward Jews to be in violation of basic human and civil rights such as freedom of immigration, freedom of religion, and the freedom to study one ’ s own language, culture and heritage.

Under the surface, however, Elizabeth is appalled by Flory's relatively egalitarian attitude towards the natives, seeing them as ' beastly ' while Flory extolls the virtues of their rich culture.

Under Yoshimitsu ( active 1379-1408 ) who took the reins of power after the dismissal of Yoriyuki as kanrei, the effects of this particular connection encouraged one of the most brilliant periods in Japanese history, renowned for the maturation of architectural and cultural forms that have since characterized Japanese culture.