Under its 1990 constitution, Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system.

Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state, but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers.

:: Example 2 ( parliamentary absentee monarchy ): Under Chapter II, Section 61 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900:

Under its 1964 constitution, Malta became a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth.

Under the 1999 Constitution he is allowed to do once every two years, but he must call parliamentary elections with three months.

Under a parliamentary system it is more likely to produce single party governments than are PR systems, which tend to produce coalition governments.

Under parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament can do whatever it wants and can overrule the judiciary and amend, repeal and introduce laws.

Under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council or Halk Maslahaty ( supreme legislative body of up to 2, 500 delegates, some of whom are elected by popular vote and some of whom are appointed ; meets at least yearly ) and a unicameral Assembly or Mejlis ( 50 seats, scheduled to be increased to 65, whose members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms ).

Under the terms of the coalition agreement the government committed itself to hold a referendum in May 2011 on whether to change parliamentary elections from first-past-the-post to AV.

Under the Commonwealth, having submitted to the parliamentary visitors, he retained his university appointments, and was appointed by Oliver Cromwell to a special commission of oyer and terminer ( consisting of three judges, three civilians, and three laymen, for the trial of Don Pantaleone Sa, the brother of the Portuguese ambassador, for murder committed in a brawl ).

Under Prime Minister David Lloyd George, however, from 1918 onwards, the powers of the office increased, as Lloyd George unilaterally claimed for himself powers that had previously belonged to the Cabinet collectively, including, most dramatically, the right to seek a parliamentary dissolution.

Under pressure from the Revolutions of 1848 in surrounding countries, King William II accepted the introduction of full ministerial responsibility in the constitution, leading to a system of parliamentary democracy, with the House of Representatives directly elected by the voters within a system of single-winner electoral districts.

Under pressure of internal opposition, led by former PSP members and the party's youth organisation DWARS, the parliamentary party changed its position: the attacks should be cancelled.

Under the anti-Catholic Penal Laws, Roman Catholics, though the overwhelming majority in Ireland, were harshly discriminated against, barred from holding property rights or from voting in parliamentary elections until 1793.

Under the Reform Act 1832, West Bromwich became part of the new southern division of Staffordshire, and under the Reform Act 1867 it was transferred to the parliamentary borough of Wednesbury.

Under the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, the borough of West Bromwich became a parliamentary borough returning one member.

Under Davíð Oddsson ’ s leadership, in the parliamentary elections of 1991, the Independence Party regained most of the support it had lost in 1987 when it had been severely weakened because of a split in its ranks.

Under parliamentary rules any gift to MPs over the value of $ 500 must be relinquished.

Under Finland's parliamentary system the prime minister can ask the president to dissolve parliament at any time during its 4-year term, which would result in " early " elections.

Under the Acts of Union of 1707 many became parliamentary burghs, represented in the Parliament of Great Britain.

Under the Reform Acts of 1832, 32 years after the merger of the Parliament of Great Britain into the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary elections ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes.

Under Mitchell's leadership, the party won all 15 seats in the early election held in January 1999, and the NNP narrowly won a third term in power in the November 2003 election, reduced to a one seat parliamentary majority.

Under this parliamentary system, the president has limited ruling powers, and performed ceremonial duties while the Prime minister enjoys more powers to execute decisions and operations.

Under parliamentary conditions that were exceedingly unfavourable, and in an atmosphere charged with corruption, venality and subserviency, he had created a party before which ministers had begun to quail, and had inoculated the Protestant constituencies with a genuine spirit of liberty and self-reliance.

Under Khrushchev, an investigation into the matter concluded that the Central Committee had lost its ruling function under Stalin ; from 1929 onwards all decisions in the Central Committee were taken unanimously.

Under King Agaja ( ruled 1708 – 1732 ), the kingdom conquered Allada, where the ruling family originated.

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan, the ruling Basotho National Party ( BNP ) refused to cede power to the rival Basotholand Congress Party ( BCP ), although the BCP was widely believed to have won the elections.

Under the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Wismar passed into the possession of Sweden, with a ruling house from which it acquired its name.

Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Under the Neubergers ruling the area had religious freedom.

Under the Government of India Act 1858, the Company was deprived of its involvement in ruling India, with its territory being transferred to the direct authority of the British government.

Under the Yuan Dynasty ( 1206 – 1368 ) the island became an independent province then in 1370 was placed under the administration of Guangdong Province by the ruling Ming Dynasty.

Under Saladin and the Ayyubids of Egypt, the power of the mamluks increased until they claimed the sultanate in 1250, ruling as the Mamluk Sultanate.

Under the Hizb ut-Tahrir constitution, non-Muslims may not serve a caliph or any other ruling official, nor vote for these officials, but may be part of the majlis and voice " complaints in respect to unjust acts performed by the rulers or the misapplication of Islam upon them.

" In the essay The New Affirmative Action, an affirmative action supporter criticized the ruling, arguing " Under the terms of the new affirmative action, then, the primary role of Blacks is not as benefactors of the policy, but as diversity servants, catering to the cultural experience of white students.

Under the influence of these Jewish communities, Bulan, the Khagan Bek of the Khazars, and the ruling classes of Khazaria ( located in what is now Ukraine, Southern Russia and Kazakhstan ), adopted Judaism at some point in the mid-to-late 8th or early 9th centuries.

Under Charlemagne's surviving legitimate son, Louis the Pious ( ruling 813 — 840 ), who, however, lacked Charlemagne's military charisma, the process of disintegration was hastened, as, once he had associated the choice of missi with the assembly of nobles, the nobles interfered in the appointment of the missi, who, now selected from the district in which their duties lay, were soon found to be looking after their own interests rather than those of the central power, and to be associated with the rising local hereditary filiations.

Under the UCMJ sworn military personnel, whether of enlisted, warrant or commissioned rank, have a right to remain silent that was established 16 years before the Miranda v. Arizona ruling.

Under longtime leader Mario Dumont, the ADQ had a strong showing in the 2007 provincial election, reducing the ruling Quebec Liberal Party ( PLQ ) to a minority government and relegating the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) to third place.

Under Murayama's successor Ryūtarō Hashimoto ( LDP ), the SDP remained part of the ruling coalition.

Under king Piye, the Nubian founder of Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, the Nubians pushed north in an effort to crush his Libyan opponents ruling in the Delta.

Under that ruling, Courts generally do not hear motions to quash Congressional subpoenas ; even when executive branch officials refuse to comply, the Courts tend to rule that such matters are " political questions " unsuitable for judicial remedy.

Under Blake, the National Reformation Council ( NRC ) replaced the SLPP, and the ruling junta began the process of returning the country to civilian control.

Under this system, Muang leaders were granted something equivalent to European ' fiefdom ' and Thai feudal titles as ' governor ', having full right of ruling over their towns.

Under a 2006 Internal Revenue Service ruling, IIAS must be installed by every grocery store, discount store, and Internet pharmacy that accepts FSA debit cards by the end of 2007, and by most chain pharmacies by the end of 2008.

Under the principle and guideline on the work of ideological propaganda and agitation put by the country's ruling party, the Workers ' Party of Korea, the agency generally reports only good news about the country that is intended to encourage its people and project a positive image abroad.

Under Peshwa administration and with the support of several key generals and diplomats ( listed below ), the Maratha Empire reached its zenith, ruling most of the Indian subcontinent landmass.