Under the influence of several younger scholars, a new approach came to predominate among British anthropologists, concerned with analyzing how societies held together in the present ( synchronic analysis, rather than diachronic or historical analysis ), and emphasizing long-term ( one to several years ) immersion fieldwork.

Under the particular historical circumstances of the growing Church in the early centuries, the succession of bishops became one of the ways, together with the transmission of the Gospel and the life of the community, in which the apostolic tradition of the Church was expressed.

Prominent politicians of the Sikh Diaspora include the first Asian American to be elected as a Member of United States Congress Dalip Singh Saund, the current UK Parliamentary Under Secretary of State Parmjit Dhanda MP and the first couple to ever sit together in any parliament in the history of Commonwealth countries Gurmant Grewal and Nina Grewal, who sought apology by the Canadian Government for the historical Komagata Maru incident, and the Canadian Shadow Social Development Minister Ruby Dhalla MP.

Books for younger readers both have historical settings: Joseph Bruchac's The Arrow Over the Door ( 1998 ) ( grades 4-6 ) is set in 1777 ; and Beth Kanell's young adult novel, The Darkness Under the Water ( 2008 ), concerns a young Abenaki-French Canadian girl during the time of the Vermont Eugenics Project, 1931-1936.

Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders ( with 250 members ) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five-Hundreds ( with, accordingly, 500 members ) and a collective Executive government of five members called the Directory ( from which the historical period gets its name ).

Under the treaty, the United Kingdom ( UK ) recognised the French Republic ; George III had only two years previously dropped England's historical claim to the now-defunct French Kingdom.

Under the historical cost basis of accounting, assets and liabilities are recorded at their values when first acquired.

Under the care of UNAM's Engineering Faculty, the Colonial Palace of Mining is located in the historical center of Mexico City.

Under the pen name Fiona Buckley she writes the series of historical mysteries, set in the reign of Elizabeth I of England, featuring " Ursula Blanchard " ( whose full name is Ursula Faldene Blanchard de la Roche Stannard ).

Under her own name she writes historical fiction based on the royalty of England and the Bridges over Time series which follows a family from the eleventh century through the nineteenth century.

Under such historical conditions the most advanced forms of human enterprise can thrive and lead us to a ' civilisational triumph '.

Under the Ottoman empire, Transjordan did not correspond to any previous historical, cultural or political division, though most of it belonged to the Vilayet of Syria.

Under these circumstances it is difficult to calculate the exact seismic hazard for a given city, especially if there was only one earthquake in historical times.

Under the empire he withdrew altogether from political life, and occupied himself entirely with his duties as a professor of history and with historical writings, the most original of which is a biography, Richard II, épisode de la rivalité de la France et de l ' Angleterre ( 2 vols., 1864 ).

In April 2010, author Guy Gavriel Kay published a historical fiction novel taking place in the time leading up to and the beginnings of the An Lushun Rebellion titled Under Heaven.

Under a historical point of view, it may be considered a mixed language, even if it remains independent and unique.

Under more traditional listings, this has been referred to as " paganism " along with historical polytheism.

Under the pseudonym Boris Akunin, he has written many works of fiction, mainly novels and stories in the series The Adventures of Erast Fandorin, The Adventures of Sister Pelagia, The Adventures of the Master ( following Nicholas Fandorin, Erast's grandson ), all published in Russia by Zakharov Books, and the Roman-Kino (" Novel-Film ") series set during World War I. Akunin's specialty is historical mysteries set in Imperial Russia.

Under the ownership of a partnership that included Dale's son-in-law, Robert Owen, a Welsh philanthropist and social reformer, New Lanark became a successful business and an epitome of utopian socialism as well as an early example of a planned settlement and so an important milestone in the historical development of urban planning.

Under pressure from the Spanish government, the leader of ERC, Francesc Macià i Llussà, accepted an autonomous Catalan government instead, which recovered the historical name of Generalitat de Catalunya.

Under Skilling, Enron adopted mark to market accounting, in which anticipated future profits from any deal were accounted for by recording their present value rather than historical cost.

* Emissions allocation: Under the Clear Skies Act, emission allowances are to be allocated based on historical fuel consumption, what is often referred to as " grandfathering ".

Under these circumstances it was possible for the leading representatives of Russian historical scholarship to continue until about 1928 as active scholars.

Under Edwards's roof Wirt stayed twenty months, spending his time in teaching, in classical and historical studies, in writing, and in preparation for the bar, which he had chosen as his future profession.

In 1990, A Woman Under the Influence was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being " culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant ", one of the first fifty films to be so honored.

Under English influence, Conway eventually contacted the Confederate States of America " on behalf of the leading antislavery men of America ," offering the preservation of the Confederacy after the war's end in exchange for emancipation of the slaves.

Under the 1973 Constitution, Fundamental Rights include security of person, safeguards as to arrest and detention, prohibition of slavery and forced labour, freedom of movement, freedom of association, freedom of speech, freedom to profess religion and safeguards to religious institutions, non-discrimination in respect of access to public places and in service, preservation of languages, script and culture.

* Under preservation of strict discipline in ranks and performing a military service-elimination of all restrictions for soldiers in the use of public rights granted to all other citizens.

Under RFRA, an otherwise neutral state law — such as zoning, or historic preservation ordinances — needed to be scrutinized if its enforcement involved a religious group or individual.

Under the tutelage of Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo, Mochizuki became the youngest member of the Kobudo Kenkyukai – an organization for the study, preservation and development of classical martial arts – established within the Kodokan.

Under section 3 of the Treason Act 1939 a person is guilty of misprision of treason if " knowing that any act the commission of which would be treason is intended or proposed to be, or is being, or has been committed, does not forthwith disclose the same, together with all particulars thereof known to him, to a Justice of the District Court, or an officer of the Gárda Síochána, or some other person lawfully engaged on duties relating to the preservation of peace and order.

Under the Newell Act, the United States Congress appropriated $ 10, 000 to establish unmanned life saving stations along the New Jersey coast south of New York Harbor and to provide " surf boats, rockets, carronades and other necessary apparatus for the better preservation of life and property from ship-wrecks ...." That same year the Massachusetts Humane Society also received funds from the United States Congress for life saving stations on the Massachusetts coastline.

Under hypothetically perfect preservation and no fragmentation, these estimates should be the same.

Under such conditions the plant may be considered invasive, since it interferes with preservation of the salt marsh habitat.

Under the legislation governing the planning procedure, once the BTC's notice to demolish had expired on 17 April 1960, only the Minister of Housing and Local Government could save the buildings by placing a preservation order on them.

Under the Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, each CHOGM is responsible for renewing the remit of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group, whose responsibility it is to uphold the Harare Declaration on the core political principles of the Commonwealth.

:: Example 2 ( parliamentary absentee monarchy ): Under Chapter II, Section 61 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900:

Under the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would join the Commonwealth of Nations and accept the British monarch as a " symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth ".

Under its 1964 constitution, Malta became a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth.

Under the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree of administrative autonomy similar to that of a U. S. state.

Under the managed transition of the British Empire to the Commonwealth of Nations, members of the British government, such as Harold Macmillan, liked to think of Britain's relationship with America as similar to that of a progenitor Greece to America's Rome.

Under the Commonwealth, having submitted to the parliamentary visitors, he retained his university appointments, and was appointed by Oliver Cromwell to a special commission of oyer and terminer ( consisting of three judges, three civilians, and three laymen, for the trial of Don Pantaleone Sa, the brother of the Portuguese ambassador, for murder committed in a brawl ).

Under the referendum proposal, the Governor-General and Queen would be replaced by one office, the President of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Under the direction of Robert H. Strong, Commonwealth took control of Maywood Park.

Under the National Defense Act of 1935, promulgated by General Douglas MacArthur ( then newly appointed as commander in chief of the Philippine Commonwealth military ), the PC became the backbone of the Philippine Regular Army, later re-established after World War II and was known as both the Philippine Constabulary and as the Military Police Command.

Under the agreement, air crews received elementary training in various Commonwealth countries before travelling to Canada for advanced courses.

Under changes introduced in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster, a single Crown for the entire empire had been replaced by multiple crowns, one for each Dominion, worn by a single monarch in an organisation then known as the British Commonwealth.

Under that Act, King George VI as ' King of Ireland ' ( a king shared with the United Kingdom and other Dominions of the Commonwealth ) acted as the Irish head of state in international relations.

After the 2001 general election Bradshaw entered Tony Blair's government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Under the Commonwealth rules then in force, the declaration of a republic automatically terminated the state's membership of the British Commonwealth.

Under Edward Heath, the Ministry was re-incorporated into the Foreign and Commonwealth Office on 15 October 1970.

Under chapter II of section 68 titled Command of the naval and military forces, the Constitution of Australia states that: " The commander in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor General as the Queen's representative.

Under the original HECS, an $ 1, 800 fee was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance.

Under the nominally centre-left Australian Labor Party from 1983 to 1996, the Bob Hawke and Paul Keating governments pursued many economic policies associated with economic rationalism, such as floating the Australian Dollar in 1983, reductions in trade tariffs, taxation reforms, changing from centralised wage-fixing to enterprise bargaining, heavy restrictions on union activities including on strike action and pattern bargaining, the privatisation of government run services and enterprises such as Qantas and the Commonwealth Bank, and wholesale deregulation of the banking system.