Until 1986, they were called " military vicariates " and had a status similar to that apostolic vicariates, which are headed by a bishop who receives his authority by delegation from the Pope.

Until the time of the Avignon Papacy, the residence of the Pope was the Lateran Palace, donated by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great.

Until reforms instituted by Saint Pius X, the canopies were of different colours to designate which Cardinals had been appointed by which Pope.

Until abolished ( in the Ordinary Form but not in the Extraordinary Form ) by Pope Paul VI's apostolic letter Ministeria quædam of 15 August 1972, the subdiaconate was the lowest of the major orders of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church.

Until 1970, no woman had been named a doctor in the church, but since then three additions to the list have been women: Saints Teresa of Ávila ( St. Teresa of Jesus ), Catherine of Siena by Pope Paul VI, and Thérèse de Lisieux ( St. Therese of the Child Jesus and of the Holy Face ), " the Little Flower " by Pope John Paul II.

Until the publication of the Memoirs Hervey was chiefly known as the object of savage satire on the part of Alexander Pope, in whose works he figured as Lord Fanny, Sporus, Adonis and Narcissus.

Until the 11th century, the Archdeacon of the Roman Church was responsible for the administration of the property of the Church ( i. e., the Diocese of Rome ), but its numerous ancient privileges and rights had come to make it a frequent hindrance to independent action on the part of the Pope ; as a result, when the last Archdeacon Hildebrand was elected to the papacy as Gregory VII in 1073, he suppressed the Archdiaconate and the cardinal entrusted with the supervision of the Apostolic Camera ( Camera Apostolica ), i. e., the temporalities of the Holy See, became known as the Camerarius, or Chamberlain.

Until a successor Pope can be elected, the Camerlengo serves as acting head of State of the Vatican City.

Until the late 20th century, governments of the great powers provided most of the superclass, accompanied by a few heads of international movements ( i. e., the Pope of the Catholic Church ) and entrepreneurs ( Rothschilds, Rockefellers ).

Until the Great Jubilee of 2000, the Pope knocked upon the door three times with a silver hammer, singing the versicle " Open unto me the gates of justice ".

Until the present, the miraculous image is the only sacred icon in the Philippines ever crowned personally by a Pope.

Until 1776 the theatre had been financed de facto, but not de jure, by the University of Trnava of the Society of Jesus, which were suppressed by the order of Pope Clement XIV in 1773, therefore it is difficult to determine who the actual director was and therefore the suspicion that the same surnames were no coincidence, however, did not constitute a kinship, but a financial intelligence for purchased exams and for identifying of high-risk housing tenants.

Until 1908, even in sung Mass the choir began the Introit only after the priest had begun those prayers, but Pope Pius X restored the old arrangement whereby the Introit accompanied the entrance procession of the priest with the ministers.

Until the 4th century, when the church established a Biblical canon, a manner of things were read during the liturgy besides the Prophets, including papal encyclicals from Pope St. Clement.

Until the advent of Pope Urban VIII, Cardinals were not obliged to become ordained clerics, even though most were ordained in the Holy Orders of Deacon, Priest, or Bishop.

Until the first half of the 20th century, it was customary for pilgrims having an audience with the Pope to kneel and kiss one of his slippers.

Dum Diversas ' Until different ' is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V, that is credited by some with " ushering in the West African slave trade.

Until this encyclical of Pius XII, Church was considered as societas perfecta, a perfect society, consisting primarily of Pope, bishops, clergy and the religious.

* Until it was removed by Pope Pius XII, another lesson ( then the fourth ) was followed by the prayer: " O God, grant that the fulness of the whole world may pass over to the children of Abraham ...".

Until 1938 the bodies of the three Stuarts were buried where the tomb of Pius XI now stands.

Until the reign of Antoninus Pius, their careers were restricted to the fleet.

Until the advent of OS X v10. 4, the standard UNIX command line utilities in OS X ( such as and ) did not respect resource forks.

Until the deaths of Charles X and his son in 1836 and 1844, respectively, many Legitimists continued to recognize each of them in turn as the rightful king, ahead of Chambord.

Until the release of OS X Server 10. 4, HFS Plus supported only the standard UNIX file system permissions, however 10. 4 introduced support for access control list-based file security, which provides a richer mechanism to define file permissions and is also designed to be fully compatible with the file permission models on other platforms such as Microsoft Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 .< ref >

Until 2009, users were able to upload videos either through the Google Videos website ( limited to 100MB per file ); or alternatively through the Google Video Uploader, available for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux.

Until the mid-1990s, a strong consensus existed among economists, both conservative and liberal, that the minimum wage reduced employment, especially among younger and low-skill workers.

Until the 1990s, economists generally agreed that raising the minimum wage reduced employment.

Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year, but climate change has reduced the pack ice, and this Arctic shrinkage made the waterways more navigable.

Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised ; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies.

Until 1995, the forecasts had been played at various times each hour, but are currently shown at times ending in " 8 ", hence the title of the local forecasts is " Local on the 8s " ( though local forecasts are reduced to once every half-hour when non-forecast programs are aired which is now a majority of the air day ).

Until then the HFL had operated with 18 clubs ; this was reduced by the departure of the three mentioned clubs, but Wick Academy from the North Caledonian Football League were elected, to create a league of 16 clubs.

Until then cooling the nozzle was problematic, and the A4 ballistic missile used dilute alcohol for the fuel, which reduced the combustion temperature sufficiently.

Until 1969, the account read was always that of the Gospel of Matthew: the whole of chapters 26 and 27 () until 1954, but reduced in 1955 to and for priests celebrating a second or a third Mass on that day to alone.

Until recently, there was no evidence that the presence of suicide hotlines reduced the incidence of suicide.

Until the 20th century, the mortality rate of TBI was high and rehabilitation was uncommon ; improvements in care made during World War I reduced the death rate and made rehabilitation possible.

Until World War I, De Dion-Boutons had an unusual decelerator pedal which reduced engine speed and ultimately applied a transmission brake.

Until 1914, Stanley steam cars vented their exhaust steam directly to the atmosphere, necessitating frequent refilling of the water tank ; after 1914, all Stanleys were fitted with a condenser, which considerably reduced their water consumption.

Until the early 1930s, the Army was effectively reduced to the role of imperial policeman, concentrated on responding to the small imperial conflicts that rose up across the Empire.

Until 1885 Devizes was a parliamentary borough, electing two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) by the bloc vote system until the 1868 election, when the Reform Act 1867 reduced its representation to one MP, elected by the first-past-the-post system of election.

Until as recently as 1992 the ABV in the UK was 40 %, but it was then reduced from 40 % to 37. 5 %, purportedly to bring Gordon's gin into line with other white spirits such as white rum and vodka, but in reality to save money ( note that the other leading brands of gin in the UK, Beefeater gin and Bombay Sapphire, are both 40 % ABV in the UK ).

Until today and despite a highly uncertain domestic and external environment, Al-Shabibi has held the Iraqi currency, the Iraqi Dinar firm at about 1, 170 to the U. S. dollar, reduced inflation to single digits, and remained a strong advocate of central bank independence.

Until the late 1980s, peak-hour trains on the Preston-Ormskirk line continued to cross at Rufford station, but the service was further reduced, leaving the branchline to be operated by a single DMU running essentially along a long siding.