Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

Until the mid-19th century, projectiles and propellant ( black powder ) were generally separate components used in a muzzle-loading firearm such as a rifle, pistol, or cannon.

Until the mid-19th century, relations between nation-states were dictated by treaty, agreements to behave in a certain way towards another state, unenforceable except by force, and not binding except as matters of honor and faithfulness.

Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range.

Until the mid-19th century, both Cambridge and Oxford were rather a group of colleges with a small central university administration, than universities in the common sense.

Until the French colonization in the mid-19th century, Vietnam's economy had been uniformly agrarian, subsistence-based and village-oriented.

Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the chief producer of vanilla.

Until the mid-19th century, this was taken by many as historical fact, and still is by many Orthodox Jews, and Christians.

Until the mid-19th century most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents.

Until the mid-19th century, the Lord of the Manor was the Reverend Robert William Bilton Hornby.

Until at least the mid-19th century, saws were made laboriously by hand.

Until the mid-19th century, the main road from Exeter to Bristol, via Crandon Bridge, passed through the village in front ( east ) of the Puriton Inn and continued along what is now Pawlett Road / Puriton Road to Pawlett and beyond.

Until the mid-19th century they were the world's main producers of vanilla.

Until the mid-19th century vessel speed at sea was measured using a chip log.

Until the mid-19th century Ilfracombe's economy was based around maritime activities: importing lime and coal from Wales ; fishing for herring ; and international trade, including to West Africa and the West Indies.

Until the mid-19th century, it was predominantly an agricultural community ; the first and tragic ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 was followed by a rush on the mountains surrounding the village, leading to the construction of many tourist facilities.

Until the mid-19th century, the British government used a system of punitive taxes to make it impossible for its colonial producers in the Caribbean to refine their own sugar and supply Britain with finished sugarloaves.

Until the mid-19th century all vessels ' masts were made of wood formed from a single or several piece of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a conifer tree.

Until the mid-19th century ( from 1830 ) the defence of Belgium consisted of twenty fortified cities ( called Wellington Barrier ), which were to form a defence against France.

Until it was closed in the mid-19th century, it operated mostly as a seminary for the training of Catholic priests.

Until the mid-19th century most sherry winemakers did not understand what this yellowish foam that randomly appeared in some of their barrels was.

Until the mid-19th century, the area was chiefly agricultural.

Until mid-19th century, Є / є has also been used in Serbian language ( in Vuk Karadžić's alphabet, the letter was eliminated and replaced by digraph је ).

Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.

Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.

Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels.

Until the late 19th century the only available propellant was black powder.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.

Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).

Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.

Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of the company, and the board of directors was merely an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.

Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.

Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central and South American peoples.

Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist.

Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala naturae, proposed by Aristotle.

Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.

Until the 6th century AD, the region of today's Franconia was probably dominated by Alamanni and Thuringians.

Until the end of the 19th century, rubber was the main export.