Until the early part of the twentieth century, the highlands economy consisted primarily of mining and livestock

Until the very early twentieth century, men living in the southern Appalachians would drive their pigs to market in the flatlands below each Autumn, fattening up their stock on chestnuts and fallen mast, much as their Scottish forebears did for centuries.

Until the early twentieth century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite who preferred the traditional hanja writing system.

Until the twentieth century, the States relied on indirect taxation to finance the administration of Jersey.

Until the twentieth century, women were often discouraged from learning Talmud and other advanced Jewish texts.

Until the twentieth century the customary units of measure in the United States were sometimes just as variable.

Until the twentieth century, not one completed even half of its planned season.

Until the beginning of the twentieth century, the falles were tall boxes with three or four wax dolls dressed in fabric clothing.

Until these restrictions were relaxed in the middle of the twentieth century, Chinese immigrants were forced to live a life apart, and to build a society in which they could survive on their own ( Chinatown ).

Until the twentieth century, Ainu languages were also spoken throughout the southern half of the island of Sakhalin and by small numbers of people in the Kuril Islands.

Until the early twentieth century, baptismal applicants were required to promise to follow the church's teachings regarding " being defenseless.

" Until the early twentieth century, Brethren were colloquially called Tunkers or Dunkers ( from the German for immersionists ).

Until the twentieth century, Goshen was an island in a marsh at the edge of Tulare Lake, formerly the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes until drained.

Until the rise of space travel in the twentieth century, there was little distinction between orbital and celestial mechanics.

Until some point in the mid twentieth century most Pākehā considered themselves to be both British and New Zealanders.

Until the middle of the twentieth century, Tibet's official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.

Until William Hague in 1997, Chamberlain was the only twentieth century Conservative leader never to become Prime Minister.

Until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century.

Until well into the twentieth century the acts were essentially vocal, with songs telling a story, accompanied by a minimum of patter.

Until the late twentieth century, the street was heavily dominated by the activities of Spitalfields wholesale fruit and vegetable market, and by outlets for the ' rag trade ' ( the wholesale clothing and textile trade ).

Until the twentieth century, many legal terms were still expressed in Latin

The nickname " Fra Diavolo " came about due to an old Itrano custom: Until early in the twentieth century Itrani boys and girls who had recently recovered from serious illnesses were dressed as monks on the second Sunday after Easter, for a procession in honor of St. Francis of Paola, the patron of sick children.

Until the start of the twentieth century, the neighbouring town of Stratton was dominant, and a local saying is " Stratton was a market town when Bude was just a furzy down ", meaning Stratton was long established when Bude was just gorse-covered downland.

Until the twentieth century alcohol was the most controversial ingredient, for it was widely recognised that the " medicines " could continue to be sold for their alleged curative properties even in prohibition states and counties.

Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.

Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.

Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels.

Until the late 19th century the only available propellant was black powder.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.

Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).

Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of the company, and the board of directors was merely an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.

Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.

Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level.

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central and South American peoples.

Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist.

Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala naturae, proposed by Aristotle.

Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.

Until the 6th century AD, the region of today's Franconia was probably dominated by Alamanni and Thuringians.

Until the mid-19th century, projectiles and propellant ( black powder ) were generally separate components used in a muzzle-loading firearm such as a rifle, pistol, or cannon.

Until the end of the 19th century, rubber was the main export.