Until the mid-19th century, relations between nation-states were dictated by treaty, agreements to behave in a certain way towards another state, unenforceable except by force, and not binding except as matters of honor and faithfulness.

Until the 20th century, optimism about progress was the most common attitude towards science ( with notable exceptions as Herbert G. Wells ), but latent anxieties about disturbing " the secrets of nature " would surface following the increasing role of science in wartime affairs, as well as increased scrutiny of vivisection and the development of the animal rights movement.

Until the episodes " Ferengi Love Songs " ( in which it was revealed that Ishka, the mother of Quark and Rom, had become romantically involved with Grand Nagus Zek ), and " Profit and Lace ", the laws and society of the Ferengi were extremely harsh towards its women.

Until the 1980s there was a branch of Lloyds Bank, with limited opening hours towards the end.

Until the improvements in biochemical analysis methods towards the end of the 20th century, very little was known about the relationships between the smaller carnivorous marsupials: it is only in recent years that it has been possible to discover that the Planigalinae are a distinct group within the Dasyuromorphia.

Until 2004, massive loudspeakers mounted on several of the buildings continuously delivered DPRK propaganda broadcasts directed towards the south as well as propaganda radio broadcasts across the border.

Until 1946, when Property Taxes were voted towards acquisitions, the museum relied on the generosity of private individuals.

Until the 17th century it was the city gate used for traffic by land eastwards towards Spaarnwoude over the Laeghe weg ( now Oude weg ).

Until recently, many theoretical models of finance pointed towards the stabilizing effects of

Until 2011, the rail span for the E & N was used twice a day by the Via Rail Dayliner, for trips up the island towards Duncan, Nanaimo and Courtenay.

Until the end of 2010, payments towards the pension scheme of the claimant were also made.

Until that point, all visible indications seemed to favor a yes vote, however thereafter the silent vote was seen to move steadily towards ' No '.

Until 2001, the station was only used by that line, and the layout of the station at that time featured a stacked side platform arrangement with trains running towards Sheung Wan Station operating on the level above trains running towards Chai Wan Station.

Until June 2009, Via Rail in Canada premium class service was called " Via 1 ", on short range routes oriented towards business travel.

Until recently, the Kerma civilisation was known only from the townsite and cemeteries of its metropolitan centre and smaller sites to the north, towards Egypt.

Until now, most of major databases in plant, animal and microorganism make a contribution towards this project.

Until the past few years, most classic hits stations have either leaned towards pop hits of the 60s through the 80s or were actually classic rock stations without a lot of hard rock.

Until the mid-20th century, the region was primarily agricultural, but the southern limits of the parish have now been developed extensively towards the foothills of the central mountain range.

Until the drive towards Economic and Monetary Union the development of the capital provisions had been slow.

Until 1939, passengers transferred at Kinsgrove to a rail motor or steam service to continue their journey towards East Hills.

( Until recently, U. S. 26 continued north towards Astoria, sharing an alignment with U. S. 101 ; however ODOT truncated U. S. 26 to its current terminus at the interchange with 101 several years ago.

Until the repairs in early 2004, the up line ( normal direction from West Brompton towards Clapham ( Latchmere junction )) was blocked to locomotive hauled freight traffic, which in turn caused extensive delays to passenger services on the West London Line.

Until 1965 additional platforms 5, 6 and 7 were situated on what had been the St Helens Railway lines which pass beneath the WCML here ( although upon the opening of the eastern extension towards Arpley in 1854, they had crossed the main line on the level-the WCML was elevated when the current station was opened in 1868 ).

Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.

Until the end of the 18th Century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry.

Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of the company, and the board of directors was merely an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.

Until the end of the silent era, several inches were cut from the start of each shot developed to test it.

Until the end of the 19th century, rubber was the main export.

Until 1963 when the line was closed, Terrier steam locomotives pulled carriages along the Hayling Billy line from Havant station on the mainland to a station which was located at the northern end of Staunton Avenue, passing through Langstone where there was a Halt.

Until fairly recently, about the end of the Second World War, such weapons were characterized by a barrel length 15 to 25 times the caliber of the gun.

Until the end of 1991 ( the end of the USSR ), the sole fixed-line telephone operator in the country was the Ministry of Communications of the USSR.

Until that time, American sexology consisted primarily of groups working to end prostitution and to educate youth about sexually transmitted diseases.

Until the end of the Cold War nearly all men reaching the age of military service were conscripted.

Until the end of the 16th century, unanimity was not required, and the majority-voting process was the most commonly used system for voting.

Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings.

Until the end of the 2009-10 season, competitions included one or more compulsory dances (" CD "), an original dance (" OD "), and the free dance.

Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join iron and steel by heating and hammering.

Until the end of the 18th century, the written language used in Ukraine was quite different from the spoken, which is one of the key difficulties in tracing the origin of the Ukrainian language more precisely.

Until the end of the 16th century, most of the canton's land belonged to the city of Basel.

Until the end of the 2006 season, teams could choose the manufacturer of the braking system.

Until the suppression of the Octave of the Epiphany in the 1960 reforms, 13 January was the Octave day of the Epiphany, providing the date for the end of the season.

Until the end of the 1990s, political life in Omsk was defined by an ongoing feud between the oblast and city authorities.

Until the end of the 1980s Delta published about 200 science fiction books.

Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary, but in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of World War I, the British officially used the Johnson Line.

Until the end of 2002, Voice of America operated a medium-wave radio relay station in Punta Gorda that broadcast to the neighboring countries of Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador.

Until the end of his reign, the kingdom of François II was paralyzed by local revolts, the premises of the wars of religion.

Until the end of the 20th century, psychoanalysis had no theory of emotional experience and, by extension, no theory of emotional intelligence.