The Vatican also conducts worldwide financial activities, the Istituto per le Opere di Religione ( also known with the acronym IOR and wrongly known as the Vatican Bank ).

* July 18 – Alberto di Jorio, former head of the Vatican Bank and secretary of the 1958 conclave ( d. 1979 )

Claims have been made that factors in Calvi's death were the Vatican Bank, Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder ; the Mafia, which may have used Banco Ambrosiano for money laundering ; and the Propaganda Due or P2 clandestine Masonic Lodge.

Much of the money had been siphoned off via the Vatican Bank ( strictly named the Istituto per le Opere Religiose or Institute for Works of Religion ), which was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder.

In 1984, the Vatican Bank agreed to pay US $ 224 million to the 120 creditors of the failed Banco Ambrosiano as a “ recognition of moral involvement ” in the bank's collapse.

According to the indictment, the five ordered Calvi's murder to prevent the banker " from using blackmail power against his political and institutional sponsors from the world of Masonry, belonging to the P2 lodge, or to the Institute for Religious Works ( the Vatican Bank ) with whom he had managed investments and financing with conspicuous sums of money, some of it coming from Cosa Nostra and public agencies ".

The Money Changers: How the Vatican Bank enabled Roberto Calvi to Steal $ 250m ... London: Harvill.

He provided the money with funds from the Vatican Bank directed by Paul Marcinkus.

P2 became the target of considerable attention in the wake of the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano ( one of Milan's principal banks, owned in part by the Vatican Bank ), and the suspicious 1982 death of its president Roberto Calvi in London, initially ruled a suicide but later prosecuted as a murder.

Vatican Bank was also accused of funneling covert United States funds to Solidarity and the Contras through Banco Ambrosiano.

* Paul Marcinkus, president of Vatican Bank ( aka " Istituto per le Opere di Religione "), had been a director of Ambrosiano Overseas, based in Nassau, Bahamas.

Calvi also involved the Vatican Bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, in his dealings, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman.

There are also rumours that it provided money for Solidarity in Poland ( it has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank funded Solidarity ).

Knowing that Archbishop Gilday ( Donal Donnelly ), who serves as head of the Vatican Bank, has run up a massive deficit, he negotiates a deal to pay $ 600 million to the Bank in exchange for the shares.

The Ustashe government also deported around 26, 000 ; Serbian Romanies are parties to the pending Class action suit against the Vatican Bank and others currently pending in U. S. Federal Court seeking return of wartime loot .< ref >

* Ettore Gotti Tedeschi ( born 1945 ), economist and banker, former President of the Vatican Bank.

* Vatican Bank

Discrepancies in the Vatican's account of the events surrounding Luciani's death — its inaccurate statements about who found the body, what he had been reading, when he had been found and whether an autopsy could be carried out produced a number of conspiracy theories, many associated with the Vatican Bank, which owned many shares in Banco Ambrosiano.

The Institute for Works of Religion ( – IOR ), commonly known as the Vatican Bank, is a privately held institute located inside Vatican City run by a CEO who reports directly to a committee of cardinals, and ultimately to the Pope ( or the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church during a sede vacante ).

The Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main share-holder.

The Vatican Bank denied having legal responsibility for the Banco Ambrosiano's downfall but did acknowledge " moral involvement ", and paid US $ 241 million (£ 169 million ) to creditors.

There was a new Pope and the Vatican was making itself heard and felt these days.

The public appeal by the new Vatican Secretary of State, Cardinal Cicognani, for renewed efforts toward Eastern and Western reunion was still another remarkable act.

Of course, the crowning event that has dramatically upset the traditional pattern of English religious history was the friendly visit paid by Dr. Fisher, then Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, to the Vatican last December.

Alexis Carrel was also a member of learned societies in the U. S., Spain, Russia, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Vatican City, Germany, Italy and Greece and received honorary doctorates from Queen's University of Belfast, Princeton University, California, New York, Brown University and Columbia University.

By a public decree, this fine work was placed in one of the stanze of the Vatican hitherto reserved for the most precious works of antiquity.

From the early Middle Ages until after the Second Vatican Council the sacrament was administered, within the Latin Church, only when death was approaching and, in practice, bodily recovery was not ordinarily looked for, giving rise, as mentioned above to the name " Extreme Unction " ( i. e. final anointing ).

< cite id = disputedinjunction > The Vatican archives contain an unsigned copy of a more strongly worded formal injunction purporting to have been served on Galileo shortly after Bellarmine's admonition, ordering him " not to hold, teach, or defend " the condemned doctrine " in any way whatever, either orally or in writing ", and threatening him with imprisonment if he refused to obey .</ cite > However, whether this injunction was ever properly served on Galileo is a subject of much scholarly disagreement.

When announcing Vatican II, Pope John XXIII stated that the precepts of the Council of Trent continue to the modern day, a position that was reaffirmed by Pope Paul VI.

The Vatican Obelisk was first brought from Egypt to Rome by Caligula.

The effect was to deprive lay kings power over the Church and increase both spiritual and temporal power in the Vatican and the bishops.

This demand, however, was coupled with a promise of thorough reform in the Roman hierarchy, and openly admitted the partial guilt of the Vatican in the decline of the Church.

The college was founded by a group of graduates and professors of the Integral Program at Saint Mary's College of California, who were discouraged by the liberalism that became common place among the faculty and administration on Saint Mary's campus shortly after Vatican II.

Dei Filius was a dogmatic constitution of the First Vatican Council on the Roman Catholic faith.

It was initially offered to loyal and reoccurring customers, each of the 399 made ( minus the 400th which was donated to the Vatican for charity ) had a price tag of $ 650, 000 apiece.

The First Vatican Council was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, after a period of planning and preparation that began on 6 December 1864.

It was never reconvened and formally closed in 1960 prior to Second Vatican Council.

Entering the service of Eberhard, prince-bishop of Liège, he was sent by that prelate on a mission to Rome, where Pope Leo X retained him, giving him ( 1519 ) the office of librarian of the Vatican.

The music itself is rather basic — church music at the time placed a large gap between written and performance practice — embellishments were largely placed in the hands of the performers ' tastes, although the Vatican score itself was altered largely by performers and visitors over the years.

As Vatican Council II was concluding, Pope Paul VI enlarged it to fifty-eight members, including married couples, laywomen, as well as theologians and bishops.

He was supported by Vatican II theologians such as Karl Rahner, Hans Küng, and several bishops, including Christopher Butler, who called it one of the most important contributions to contemporary discussion in the Church.

The Second Vatican Council did not speak of any of these concrete methods … This is a different standpoint than that taken under Pius XI some thirty years which was also maintained by his successor ... we can sense here a clear development in the Church, a development, which is also going on outside the Church.