Such was the impromptu that Voltaire gave to howls of laughter at Sans Souci and that was soon circulated in manuscript throughout the literary circles of Europe, to be printed sometime later, but with the name of Timon of Athens, the famous misanthrope, substituted for that of Rousseau.

It also used to designate of the action of flicking with the finger ( Molière, Le malade imaginaire ; or Voltaire, Lettre à Frédéric II Roi de Prusse ; etc.

Many European and American admirers such as Voltaire and H. G. Creel point to the revolutionary idea of replacing nobility of blood with nobility of virtue.

This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich.

In 1916, Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara, Jean Arp, Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Sophie Täuber, and Hans Richter, along with others, discussed art and put on performances in the Cabaret Voltaire expressing their disgust with the war and the interests that inspired it.

* Quinones, Ricardo J. Erasmus and Voltaire: Why They Still Matter ( University of Toronto Press ; 2010 ) 240 pages ; Draws parallels between the two thinkers as voices of moderation with relevance today.

At the age of twenty, he went to Cirey and Paris, where he became friendly with Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet.

Algarotti accompanied Frederick to Bayreuth, Kehl, Strasbourg and Moyland Castle where they met with Voltaire, who was taking baths in Kleve for his health.

Gathering on Sanssouci in the Marble Hall, with Voltaire, Casanova, d ' Argens, La Mettrie, James Francis Edward Keith | James Keith, George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal | George Keith, Friedrich Rudolf von Rothenburg, Christoph Ludwig von Stille, Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz and Algarotti.

Museums, Theaters and other Cultural Sites: Conservatoire de musique at Place Neuve 5, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Fonds cantonal d ' art contemporain, Ile Rousseau and statue, Institute and Museum of Voltaire with Library and Archives, Mallet House and Museum international de la Réforme, Musée Ariana, Musée d ' Art et d ' Histoire, Museum d ' art moderne et contemporain, Museum d ' ethnographie, Museum of the International Red Cross, Musée Rath, Muséum d ' histoire naturelle, Salle communale de Plainpalais et théâtre Pitoëff, Villa Bartholoni et Museum d ' Histoire et Sciences

File: Voltaire Museum. JPG | Institute and Museum of Voltaire with Library and Archives

Good history, Voltaire argued, agrees with reason and natural science, and is based on the corroborating evidence.

Economic growth and the intellectual benefits of a highly developed university system, together with Scotland's traditional connections to France, then in the throes of the Enlightenment, led Scots intellectuals to develop a uniquely practical branch of humanism to the extent that Voltaire said " we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization ".

Riefenstahl had high hopes for a collaboration with Cocteau called Friedrich und Voltaire, wherein Cocteau was to play two roles.

Voltaire and François Quesnay wrote favourably of the idea, with Voltaire claiming that the Chinese had " perfected moral science " and Quesnay advocating an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese.

Many European and American admirers such as Voltaire and H. G. Creel point to the revolutionary idea of replacing nobility of blood with nobility of virtue.

As Pope Leo X ( 1513 – 21 ) indicates the manner in which the Papacy might have been reconciled with the Renaissance had the Reformation never taken place, so Ganganelli exemplifies the type of Pope which the modern world might have learned to accept if the movement towards free thought could, as Voltaire wished, have been confined to the aristocracy of intellect.

In 1789, he published Vie de Voltaire ( 1789 ), which agreed with Voltaire in his opposition to the Church.

It was Rousseau's fellow philosophe, Voltaire, objecting to Rousseau's egalitarianism, who charged him with primitivism and accused him of wanting to make people go back and walk on all fours.

* Candide and Other Romances by Voltaire ( 1928 ) translator with Norman Tealby

Candide, ou l ' Optimisme (; French: ) is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment.

* Brief Bibliography for the Study of Candide, issued by the Voltaire Society of America

* Candide ( 1759 ) by Voltaire

* Voltaire: Candide

* 1759: Candide by Voltaire

* Martin ( Candide ), from the 1759 novel Candide by Voltaire

* France ( 1814 ): The thinkers of the Enlightenment had opposed slavery since Voltaire had mocked the slave traders in Candide.

* Candide by Voltaire is declared obscene by the United States Customs and seized in 1930.

# Voltaire – Letters on the English ; Candide ; Philosophical Dictionary

* Voltaire – Candide

** Candide – Book by Lillian Hellman, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Richard Wilbur, based on the novel by Voltaire.

Philosophers often link concept of optimism with the name of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who held that we live in the best of all possible worlds, or that God created a physical universe that applies the laws of physics, which Voltaire famously mocked in his satirical novel Candide.

* Candide by Voltaire

The noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (" Poem on the Lisbon disaster ").

While the story is thematically similar to Candide by Voltaire — both concern young men traveling in the company of honored teachers, encountering and examining human suffering in an attempt to determine the root of happiness — their root concerns are distinctly different.

Writing as a devout Christian, Johnson makes through his characters no blanket attacks on the viability of a religious response to this question, as Voltaire does, and while the story is in places light and humorous, it is not a piece of satire, as is Candide.

* Voltaire, Candide ( 1759 )

This theme had been explored previously in fiction by Daniel Defoe ( Robinson Crusoe and the robinsonade genre ) and Voltaire ( Candide ), and more recently by William Golding ( Lord of the Flies and Pincher Martin ), Umberto Eco ( The Island of the Day Before ), J. M.

# Voltaire – Letters on the English ; Candide ; Philosophical Dictionary

Byng's execution was satirized by Voltaire in his novel Candide.

* The novel Candide by Voltaire has a section where Candide travels to the " land of plenty ", El Dorado, where the people live an extravagant life.