* 1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " describing the double helix structure of DNA.

In the 1950s, James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins were instrumental in solving DNA structure and suggesting its relationship with genetic transfer of information.

As first discovered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick, the structure of DNA of all species comprises two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, and each with a pitch of 34 ångströms ( 3. 4 nanometres ) and a radius of 10 ångströms ( 1. 0 nanometres ).

* 1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick announce to friends that they have determined the chemical structure of DNA ; the formal announcement takes place on April 25 following publication in April's Nature ( pub.

Francis Harry Compton Crick, OM, FRS ( 8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004 ) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, and most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 together with James D. Watson.

) Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins of King's College were personal friends, which influenced subsequent scientific events as much as the close friendship between Crick and James Watson.

A public memorial was held on 27 September 2004 at the Salk Institute, La Jolla, near San Diego, California ; guest speakers included James D. Watson, Sydney Brenner, Alex Rich, Seymour Benzer, Aaron Klug, Christof Koch, Pat Churchland, Vilayanur Ramachandran, Tomaso Poggio, Leslie Orgel, Terry Sejnowski, his son Michael Crick, and his youngest daughter Jacqueline Nichols.

Late in 1951, Crick started working with James D. Watson at Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, England.

Using " Photo 51 " ( the X-ray diffraction results of Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin of King's College London, given to them by Gosling and Franklin's colleague Maurice Wilkins ), Watson and Crick together developed a model for a helical structure of DNA, which they published in 1953.

When James Watson came to Cambridge, Crick was a 35-year-old graduate student ( due to his work during WWII ) and Watson was only 23, but he already had a Ph. D.

In November 1951, Wilkins came to Cambridge and shared his data with Watson and Crick.

Stimulated by their discussions with Wilkins and what Watson learned by attending a talk given by Franklin about her work on DNA, Crick and Watson produced and showed off an erroneous first model of DNA.

Watson and Crick were not officially working on DNA.

Crick was writing his Ph. D. thesis ; Watson also had other work such as trying to obtain crystals of myoglobin for X-ray diffraction experiments.

Having failed once, Watson and Crick were now somewhat reluctant to try again and for a while they were forbidden to make further efforts to find a molecular model of DNA.

Watson and Crick first made helical models with the phosphates at the center of the helices.

Of great importance to the model building effort of Watson and Crick was Rosalind Franklin's understanding of basic chemistry, which indicated that the hydrophilic phosphate-containing backbones of the nucleotide chains of DNA should be positioned so as to interact with water molecules on the outside of the molecule while the hydrophobic bases should be packed into the core.

Franklin shared this chemical knowledge with Watson and Crick when she pointed out to them that their first model ( from 1951, with the phosphates inside ) was obviously wrong.

Crick described what he saw as the failure of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin to cooperate and work towards finding a molecular model of DNA as a major reason why he and Watson eventually made a second attempt to do so.

In order to construct their model of DNA, Watson and Crick made use of information from unpublished X-ray diffraction images of Franklin's ( shown at meetings and freely shared by Wilkins ), including preliminary accounts of Franklin's results / photographs of the X-ray images that were included in a written progress report for the King's College laboratory of Sir John Randall from late 1952.

It is a matter of debate whether Watson and Crick should have had access to Franklin's results without her knowledge or permission, and before she had a chance to formally publish the results of her detailed analysis of her X-ray diffraction data which were included in the progress report.

Some southern Populists, including Thomas E. Watson of Georgia, openly talked of the need for poor blacks and poor whites to set aside their racial differences in the name of shared economic self-interest.

The new king did not, however, as was hoped, cease to exact the fines on recusants ; and the general dissatisfaction felt by the Roman Catholics gave rise to the " Bye plot ," or " Watson's plot ," in which connection this priest's name is best known, and to its sequel the Main Plot ; Watson discussed the grievances of his co-religionists with another priest, William Clark, with Sir Griffin Markham and Anthony Copley, and with a disappointed Protestant courtier, George Brooke ; they took another Protestant, Thomas Grey, 15th Baron Grey de Wilton, into their confidence, and following Scottish precedents it was arranged that James should be surprised and seized, while they talked loudly about capturing the Tower of London, converting the King to Catholicism, and making Watson Lord Keeper.

:< tt >" On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile ( 3 km ) wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston.

Max Perutz's justification for passing this information to both Crick and Watson was that the report contained information which Watson has previously heard in November 1951 when Dr. Franklin talked about her unpublished results with Raymond Gosling during a meeting arranged by Dr. M. H. F.

Kingsley Amis said the novels were " endlessly fascinating " and that Blaise and Garvin were " one of the great partnerships in fiction, bearing comparison with that of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson.

William Watson arrived at the same explanation at about the same time.

Wilkins shared this information about the B form of DNA with Crick and Watson.

" In conclusion about the poem, Watson stated, " The triumph of ' Kubla Khan ,' perhaps, lies in its evasions: it hints so delicately at critical truths while demonstrating them so boldly.

Asked about his favorite scenes, Burton answered that he especially liked holodeck adventures: " The Holmes and Watson episodes for Data and Geordi, the Robin Hood episode, you know, those were a lot of fun for us.

Explicit details about Sherlock Holmes's life outside of the adventures recorded by Dr. Watson are few and far between in Conan Doyle's original stories ; nevertheless, incidental details about his early life and extended families portray a loose biographical picture of the detective.

The earliest known citation on the Internet is from 1986 on Usenet in the signature of a poster from Convex Computer Corporation as "' I think there is a world market for about five computers ' — Remark attributed to Thomas J. Watson ( Chairman of the Board of International Business Machines ), 1943 ".

His role model is Tom Watson, then IBM chairman, who said in 1958: ' I think there is a world market for about five computers.

The document says no, but quotes his son and then IBM President Thomas J. Watson, Jr., at the annual IBM stockholders meeting, April 28, 1953, as speaking about the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, which it identifies as " the company's first production computer designed for scientific calculations ".

Watson, observing from Separation, Wyoming, placed the planet about 2. 5 degrees southwest of the Sun, and estimated its magnitude at 4. 5.

This privilege was first extended about 1817 by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, to his friend, Lieut General James Moore, K. C., and his new bride, Miss Cecilia Watson.

The Red Branch warriors, including Cúchulainn and the sons of Usnech, appear as main characters in The Swan Maiden ( 2009 ), a novel by Jules Watson about the life of Deirdre The Raven Queen tells more of the story, mainly Maeve's view.

Watson stopped writing for popular audiences in 1936, and retired from advertising at about age 65.

Lawrenceville, names in honor of Mr. Watson E. Lawrence, is situated on the creek, about a mile above Rosendale, and contains two cement manufactories and about 400 inhabitants.

A. Milne said he had " a passion " for detective stories, having " all sorts of curious preferences " about them: though in real life the best detectives and criminals are professionals, Milne demanded that the detective be an unscientific amateur, accompanied by a likeable Watson, rubbing shoulders with an amateur villain against whom dossiers and fingerprints are of no avail.

* In The Resident Patient, a Sherlock Holmes mystery, Holmes ' companion Dr. Watson is mentioned as being an avid admirer of Henry Ward Beecher, keeping a portrait of him ( beside a portrait of General Gordon ) and feeling strongly indignant about the way that Beecher was received during his visit to Britain at the time of the Civil War by " the more turbulent of our people ".

* Talking Pictures website: Article by Nigel Watson about film censorship issues accompanied by classroom activities for students

Singers like Seeger and Guthrie would attend rallies for labor unions, and so wrote many songs concerning the life of the working classes, and social protest ; as did other folksingers like Josh White, Cisco Houston, Malvina Reynolds, Earl Robinson, Ewan MacColl, John Jacob Niles, and Doc Watson, while blues singers like Johnson and Hopkins wrote songs about their personal life experiences.

Wilkins met with Watson and Crick and told them about his results.

This information from Wilkins, along with additional information gained by Watson when he heard Franklin talk about her research during a King's College research meeting, stimulated Watson and Crick to create their first molecular model of DNA, a model with the phosphate backbones at the center.