A notable event in the history of the American comic book came with the psychiatrist Fredric Wertham's criticisms of the medium in his book Seduction of the Innocent ( 1954 ), which prompted the American Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency to investigate comic books.

In the mid-1950s, in the wake of the crackdown on comics which followed Fredric Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent and the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency hearings on the dangers of comic books, the content of comics faced radical overhauls and the imposition of the censoring Comics Code Authority body.

Cole's story " Murder, Morphine and Me ", which he illustrated and possibly wrote for publisher Magazine Village's True Crime Comics # 2 ( May, 1947 ), became a centerpiece of psychiatrist Dr. Fredric Wertham's crusade against violent comic books.

In 1954, Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent coincided with Congressional hearings on ( among other topics ) the negative influence of comic books.

With the publication of Dr. Fredric Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent, comic books in the Gaines style drew the attention of the U. S. Congress.

What is often overlooked in discussions of Seduction of the Innocent is Wertham's analysis of the advertisements that appeared in 1950s comic books and the commercial context in which these publications existed.

The CCA came into being in response to Fredric Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent, in which comic book creators were accused of attempting to negatively influence children with images of violence and sexuality, including subliminal homosexuality.

" Dr. Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent rallied opposition to violence, gore, and sex in comics, arguing that it was harmful to the children who made up a large segment of the comic book audience.

This led to Dr. Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent, which blamed violent media ( but almost exclusively comic books ) for the rising number of cases of juvenile delinquency nationwide.

( Wertham's claim that Wonder Woman had a bondage subtext was somewhat better documented, as her creator William Moulton Marston had admitted as much ; however, Wertham also claimed that Wonder Woman's strength and independence made her a lesbian.

Also rarely mentioned in summaries or reviews of Seduction of the Innocent are Wertham's claims that retailers who did not want to sell material with which they were uncomfortable, such as horror comics, were essentially held to ransom by the distributors.

The splash made by this book and Wertham's previous credentials as an expert witness, made it inevitable that he would appear before the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency led by anti-crime crusader Estes Kefauver.

Wertham's views on mass media have largely overshadowed his broader concerns with violence and with overprotecting children from psychological harm.

Much to Wertham's frustration, no publishers were interested in publishing it.

Wertham's papers ( including the manuscript to the unpublished The War on Children ) were donated to the Library of Congress and are held by the Manuscript Division.

A register of the papers has been prepared that displays the eclectic reach of Wertham's interests.

Despite this, Forbath claimed the loss was at least 5 million ; Adam Hochschild, and Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem, 10 million ; the Encyclopædia Britannica and Fredric Wertham's 1966 book " A Sign For Cain: An Exploration of Human Violence " estimate that the population of the Congo dropped from 30 million to 8 and 8. 5 million, respectively, in that period.

While the series tracked the character's struggle between good and evil, due to manipulation by supervillainesses Eclipso and Granny Goodness ( promotional material for the series used the catchphrase " Seduction of the Innocent ," a reference to Fredric Wertham's book of the same title ), Mary emerged from the series under the influence of Superman villain Darkseid.

Due to factors including Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent and Congressional hearings on the subject, superhero comics had mostly vanished from about 1949 to the mid-1950s.

By then, Wertham's efforts had led to a Congressional investigation into the comics industry, and publishers formed the self-censoring Comics Code Authority in the fall of 1954.

Bart Beaty in his book Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture describes a concerted campaign by Dell against publication of Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent to the extent of recruiting several of the companies that it licensed characters from ( including Warner Brother Cartoons, the Lone Ranger Inc. and Edgar Rice Burroughs Inc .) to send letters of protest to Wertham's publisher Stanley Rinehart.

Underground ( and Alternative ) Comics or Comix were born both out of the general 1960s counter-culture, and as a part reaction to the Comics code-induced censorship of all mainstream comics inspired by the hysteria surrounding Dr Wertham's seminal book Seduction of the Innocent ( 1954 ), which was interpreted as labelling comics partially or wholly responsible for juvenile delinquency:

When the Comics Code was formed in 1954 in reaction to Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent, Dell again refused to join and instead began publishing in its comics a " Pledge to Parents " that promised their editorial process " eliminates, rather than regulates, objectional material " and concluded with the now classic credo " Dell Comics Are Good Comics.

Influential criticisms of Fundamentalism include James Barr's books on Christian Fundamentalism and Bassam Tibi's analysis of Islamic Fundamentalism.

Finkelstein has published heavy criticisms of several books in his career, as he did to Hitler's Willing Executioners by Daniel Johnah Goldhagen, which he calls " replete with gross misinterpretations of source material and internal contradictions ", and says " the book is devoid of scholarly value ".

Rhine and his colleagues attempted to address these criticisms through new experiments, articles, and books, and revisited the state of the criticism along with their responses in the book Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years ( 1940 ).

Despite these criticisms, Joshi argues that since Gerald's Game ( 1993 ), King has been tempering the worst of his writing faults, producing books that are leaner, more believable and generally better written.

Despite the previously highlighted criticisms of his work, Orosius ’ s books were considered to be successes from virtually the day of their publication.

A charge of heresy in 1538, of which he was acquitted by his friendly judges, one of whom was his friend Arnoul Le Ferron, was almost the only event of interest during these years, except the publication of his books, and the quarrels and criticisms to which they gave rise.

Despite these criticisms, the books were bestsellers and reviewed favourably on both sides of the Atlantic.

" Sowell since then has written on affirmative action in an international context to address such criticisms in two books ( Preferential Policies, Affirmative Action Around the World ) and has written about pay differentials and occupational segregation in Economic Facts and Fallacies.

In further books and articles published in his periodical, the Revue Spirite, Kardec kept addressing these and other criticisms until his death in 1869.

At first he contented himself with enumerating the chief current views in literature and art and indicating very slightly the contents of the principal new books, but gradually his criticisms became more extended and trenchant, and he touched on nearly every subject — political, literary, artistic, social and religious — that interested the Parisian society of the time.

The fame which this publication acquired him led to his being engaged by Schütz and Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland to prepare an Allgemeines Repertorium der Literatur, published in 8 volumes ( Jena and Weimar, 1793 – 1809 ), which condensed the literary productions of 15 years ( 1785 – 1800 ), and included an account not merely of the books published during that period, but also of articles in periodicals and magazines, and even of the criticisms to which each book had been subjected.

He then became a freelance reporter and author, writing a series of books and criticisms and, in 1940, founded a newsletter, In Fact, which brought attention to how the National Association of Manufacturers was able to use its advertising dollars to produce news stories favourable to its members and to suppress news stories unfavourable to them.

Some of his books or articles contain harsh criticisms of Islam as a whole ( among others " Wahi: the Supernatural Basis of Islam ", " From Ayodhya to Nazareth ", an article written in the form of an open letter to the Pope and Indian church Bishop Alan de Lastic, whom Elst calls " Your Eminences ", and in which he invites them to ask Muslims for repentance towards Christians, or " Ayodhya And After ", a book in which he delves into the realm of establishing a purported link between Ayodhya and the conflict between Palestinians and Israel-section 2. 2 Jerusalem and Ayodhya -, not an isolated attempt in some far-right European movements ; similarly, section 13. 2 of that book is called Islam and Nazism ).

Amongst other criticisms, which she suggests " are more conjectural, but not easily dismissed ", Nielsen Hayden nominates " the quality of the books themselves ".

They contain many apt criticisms of known people and books, and are specially interesting for their allusions to Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.

One of the most pointed criticisms leveled at Bauer's work pertains to her books.

Baker's published works included several novels and books of poetry and various literary criticisms and essays.

While maintaining that his earlier views of the state of the law were correct, Levy acknowledged the criticisms posed by historians of journalism, who stressed the difference between " law on the books " and " law as applied.

The author of many cricket books, he is regarded as one of Australia's finest cricket writers, with a perceptive and occasionally sardonic style, marked by persistent criticisms of Bradman.