Seduction of the Innocent described overt or covert depictions of violence, sex, drug use, and other adult fare within " crime comics "— a term Wertham used to describe not only the popular gangster / murder-oriented titles of the time but also superhero and horror comics as well — and asserted, based largely on undocumented anecdotes, that reading this material encouraged similar behavior in children.

Seduction of the Innocent cited overt or covert depictions of violence, sex, drug use, and other adult fare within " crime comics " — a term Wertham used to describe not only the popular gangster / murder-oriented titles of the time, but superhero and horror comics as well.

In 1954, Fredric Wertham published Seduction of the Innocent, a book in which he asserted that comics were inciting children to violence.

The book also included a chapter that attacked contemporary comic books as harmful to children ; because his critique drew about his view that it was a consequence of the aforementioned cultural permissive views toward violence he wasn't a leading voice during the subsequent debate about the impact of comics that instead was dominated by Fredric Wertham.

Homosexual interpretations have been part of the academic study of Batman since psychologist Fredric Wertham asserted in his Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 that " Batman stories are psychologically homosexual.

Psychologist Fredric Wertham, who in Seduction of the Innocent asserted that " Batman stories are psychologically homosexual ", claimed to find a " subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature ' Batman ' and his young friend ' Robin '".

Wertham critiqued the commercial environment of comic book publishing and retailing, objecting to air rifles and knives advertised alongside violent stories.

The term is sometimes seen as an awkward, not least because of the cultural baggage tied-up both in comics ' origins in childish, humorous stories ( hence " comic "), and in the negative associations forced upon them in the 1950s by senate hearings and Fredric Wertham.

( Wertham's claim that Wonder Woman had a bondage subtext was somewhat better documented, as her creator William Moulton Marston had admitted as much ; however, Wertham also claimed that Wonder Woman's strength and independence made her a lesbian.

Wertham's claim that Wonder Woman had a bondage subtext was somewhat better documented, as her creator William Moulton Marston had admitted as much ; however, Wertham also claimed Wonder Woman's strength and independence made her a lesbian.

Wertham also claimed that Superman was both un-American and a fascist.

" It was also one of many examples used by Fredric Wertham in his book Seduction of the Innocent.

Comics, especially the crime / horror titles pioneered by EC Comics, were not lacking in gruesome images ; Wertham reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring morbid themes such as " injury to the eye " ( as depicted in Plastic Man creator Jack Cole's " Murder, Morphine and Me ", which he illustrated and probably wrote for publisher Magazine Village's True Crime Comics Vol.

According to Wertham, news vendors were told by the distributors that if they did not sell the objectionable comic books, they would not be allowed to sell any of the other publications being distributed.

Wertham always denied that he favored censorship or had anything against comic books in principle, and in the 1970s he focused his interest on the benign aspects of the comic fandom subculture ; in his last book, The World of Fanzines ( 1974 ), he concluded that fanzines were " a constructive and healthy exercise of creative drives ".

The shorts were intended to satirize suggestions that early Batman comics implied a homosexual relationship between the eponymous title character and his sidekick Robin, a charge most infamously leveled by Fredric Wertham in his 1954 book, Seduction of the Innocent.

Seduction of the Innocent is a book by German-American psychiatrist Fredric Wertham, published in 1954, that warned that comic books were a negative form of popular literature and a serious cause of juvenile delinquency.

Comics, especially the crime / horror titles pioneered by EC, were not lacking in gruesome images ; Wertham reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring morbid themes such as " injury to the eye ".

Wertham sympathized with retailers who did not want to sell horror comics, yet were compelled to by their distributors ' table d ' hôte product line policies.

Despite Mainline's dissimilarity to the beleaguered EC and other companies then under constant attack, copies of Bullseye and Foxhole were reportedly used as exhibits by Wertham in the Senate hearings against comics, and seen by millions through the hearings ' nationwide television coverage.

Given the subsequent emergence of organized fandom for comic books among adults who grew up reading them during Comics ' Golden Age, it is ironic Wertham at one point in Seduction ( pp. 89 – 90 ) asserts " I have known many adults who have treasured throughout their lives some of the books they read as children.

" Wertham wrote, " Only someone ignorant of the fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature ' Batman ' and his young friend ' Robin.

Comics historian Les Daniels commented, " In retrospect the imperative seems less than inevitable, perhaps no more than trendy gender bending or possibly just a response to the homophobia inspired by Fredric Wertham more than thirty years earlier.

Wertham, author of the influential study Seduction of the Innocent, cited a particular panel of the story's dope-dealing narrator about to be stabbed in the eye with a hypodermic needle as an example of the " injury-to-the-eye " motif.

Psychologist Fredric Wertham decided that the phenomenon was a landmine of hidden and repressed Freudian issues, and that a sidekick's involvement in violent acts with his hero masked a sexual subtext.

Fredric Wertham ( March 20, 1895 – November 18, 1981 ) was a German-born American psychiatrist and crusading author who protested the purportedly harmful effects of violent imagery in mass media and comic books on the development of children.

Wertham was born on March 20, 1895 in Munich.

In extensive testimony before the committee, Wertham restated arguments from his book and pointed to comics as a major cause of juvenile crime.

Beaty notes " Wertham repeated his call ... national legislation based on the public health ideal that would prohibit the circulation and display of comic books to children under the age of fifteen.

" The committee's questioning of their next witness, EC publisher William Gaines, focused on violent scenes of the type Wertham had decried.

Wertham described the Comics Code as inadequate, while most in the industry found it draconian.

Beaty reveals in 1959 Wertham tried to sell a follow-up to Seduction on the effects of television on Children, to be titled The War on Children.

This led to an invitation for Wertham to address the New York Comic Art Convention.

Still infamous to most comics fans of the time, Wertham encountered suspicion and heckling at the convention, and stopped writing about comics thereafter.

" The Strange Case of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 123 ( August 15, 1987 ); " The Return of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 124 ( Sept. 1, 1987 ); " From Dr. Wertham With Love " Amazing Heroes # 125 ( Sept. 15, 1987 ) part series, see below for link to condensed version posted online under title " Fredric Wertham-Anti-Comics Crusader Who Turned Advocate ".

Sky News objected to the breaking of its monopoly, complaining about the costs associated with running a channel that only a minority could view from the licence fee.

Philip Carrington states that there is no reason to question the authenticity of the Josephus passage on James, and elaborates the background by stating that Ananus continued to remain a power within the Jewish circles at the time even after being deposed, and that it is likely that the charges brought against James by Ananus were not only because of his Christian association but because he objected to the oppressive policies against the poor ; hence explaining the later indignation of the more moderate Jewish leaders.

During production the only phrase Gould objected to was a line in the script that introduced him as the " world's most brilliant paleontologist ".

His Greek countrymen objected to this practice, as they considered these rituals only suitable to the gods.

Gold also did extensive rewriting, to which Heinlein strenuously objected, with only partial success.

The doctor on duty objected, knowing that he could breathe only on his left side.

One year later, standardbred racing was discontinued, and the track thereafter featured only greyhound racing until closing altogether in 1992 amid pressure from animal rights activists, who objected to greyhound racing as cruel ( Vermont banned the sport in 1995 ).

In this famous pamphlet Savigny did not oppose the introduction of new laws, or even a new system of laws, but only objected to the proposed codification on two grounds:

Palestinians objected to the lack of sovereignty ( they were only offered administrative control ) over Islamic holy sites ( meaning that those were legally still under Israeli sovereignty ), while Israel would be able to retain sovereignty over Jewish holy sites.

Before and after publication of Zelen's results astronomer and charter CSICOP member Dennis Rawlins, the CSICOP Council's only astronomer at the time, repeatedly objected to the procedure and to CSICOP's subsequent reportage of it.

" His critics have objected strongly to what they see as a misguided attempt to argue from a fact about how one represents the world ( trivially, one can only do so from his own point of view ) to a false claim about the world, that it somehow has first personal perspectives built into it.

A limited number of Protestants, such as Barth, Bonhoeffer and Wilhelm Busch, objected to the Nazis on moral and theological principles: they could not reconcile the Nazi state's claim to total control over the person with the ultimate sovereignty that, in Christian orthodoxy, must belong only to God.

Fowler objected to this passage because The Emperor, His Majesty, and the Monarch all refer to the same person: " the effect ", he pointed out in Modern English Usage, " is to set readers wondering what the significance of the change is, only to conclude that there is none.

Umpire Lou Rowan warned the fast bowler for intimidatory bowling yet again, but Snow and Illingworth objected strongly, the captain saying " That's the only bouncer he's bowled " and that he would complain to the A. B. C.

Moore and Love objected to the manner in which this provision could be expected to pressure UFA MLAs to back government legislation that they might otherwise be inclined to oppose, and introduced a resolution in the legislature that called for a policy by which the government would resign only upon passage of an explicit motion of no confidence.

" Ranke objected to philosophy of history, particularly as practiced by Hegel, claiming that Hegel ignored the role of human agency in history, which was too essential to be " characterized through only one idea or one word " or " circumscribed by a concept.

The King's secretaries objected strongly, claiming the monarch had only one title in law, and Turgeon's letters eventually used George's full legal title, which referred to him as sovereign of Great Britain " and Ireland.

Likewise, he objected that the statement that " The only book in front of me is red " does not entail the sensory statement " Redness would probably appear to me were I to seem to myself to see a book ", because redness is not likely to appear under a blue light-bulb.

Many in the LGBT community objected to HRC's support due to the symbolic value of excluding transgender people from the bill's protections and considered it a betrayal, including HRC's first and only openly trans board member, Donna Rose, who resigned in protest.

He viewed their westward advance as a major issue, but also thought that he could get a better deal for Poland from the Bolsheviks than their Russian civil war contenders, as the White Russians – representatives of the old Russian Empire, partitioner of Poland – were willing to accept only limited independence of Poland, likely in the borders similar to that of Congress Poland, and clearly objected to Ukrainian independence, crucial for Piłsudski's Międzymorze, while the Bolsheviks did proclaim the partitions null and void.

In 1885, Kogălniceanu strongly objected to a National Liberal cabinet decision to expel Moses Gaster, a renowned Jewish scholar, stating that the latter was " only man who works in this country " ( he would later celebrate him as the man " to whom Romanian literature owes so much ").

Many felt that Canada was the only nation benefiting from it, and because they objected to the protective Cayley-Galt Tariff imposed by the Province of Canada on manufactured goods.

However the Conservatives objected to many of the entries such as Kensington North and Birmingham Erdington, which were marginal former Conservative seats that had only narrowly gone to Labour in 1929.

Fields objected to the Joint Board's plan, which took most major east – west routes ( multiples of ten ) to the East Coast, but sent Route 60 from Los Angeles northeast to end in Chicago, leaving none to cross Kentucky, the only Mississippi Valley state without such a route.