Anaximenes () of Miletus ( b. 585 BCE, d. 528 BCE ) was an Archaic Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC .< ref name =" lindberg28 "> Lindberg, David C. “ The Greeks and the Cosmos .” < u > The Beginnings of Western Science </ u >.

Plato was the Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician and writer of philosophical dialogues who founded the Academy in Athens which was the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

Nihilism is often associated with the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who provided a detailed diagnosis of nihilism as a widespread phenomenon of Western culture.

It is rare to find a philosopher, particularly in the Western philosophical tradition, who lacks many arguments.

The moral or political response is given by the conservative philosopher Richard M. Weaver in Ideas Have Consequences, where he describes how the acceptance of " the fateful doctrine of nominalism " was " the crucial event in the history of Western culture ; from this flowed those acts which issue now in modern decadence ".

Descartes has been often dubbed as the father of modern Western philosophy, the philosopher that with his sceptic approach has profoundly changed the course of Western philosophy and set the basis for modernity.

During the Renaissance, however, Thucydides attracted less interest among Western European historians as a political philosopher than his successor, Polybius, although Poggio Bracciolini claimed to have been influenced by him.

In the 11th century, the theory of tabula rasa was developed more clearly by the Persian philosopher, Ibn Sina ( known as " Avicenna " in the Western world ).

In A History of Western Philosophy, logician and philosopher Bertrand Russell wrote that:

Eliade notes that a Western or Continental philosopher might feel suspicious toward this Hindu view of history:

* Tertullian: Tertullian was a philosopher before he converted to Christianity ; after that change of direction he remained a prolific writer in the second century A. D., and is commonly called the " Father of the Western Church.

In most cases, these writers reference something in an earlier philosopher, without adding to the ongoing problem-historical shape of Western philosophical knowledge.

The playwright, expressionist poet and philosopher Lucian Blaga can be cited as a member of the traditionalist group and the literary critic founder of the literary circle and cultural journal Sburătorul, Eugen Lovinescu, represents the so-called Westernizing group, which sought to bring Romanian culture closer to Western European culture.

* Former Syrian vice-president Abdul-Halim Khaddam has called Garaudy " the greatest contemporary Western philosopher.

* Fares Al-Wabasha, a columnist for the Jordanian daily Al-Dustour, wrote: " Only rarely do we encounter a prominent Western philosopher and thinker like Roger Garaudy, who supports Arab causes and exposes in a rational and scientific manner the shameful claims of the Zionist movement, undermining its colonialist enterprise in the region ..."

The political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli's most famous works are Discourses on Livy, Florentine Histories and finally The Prince, which has become so well known in Western society that the term " Machiavellian " has come to refer to the realpolitik advocated by the book.

He also co-authored a well-received revision of How to Read a Book with its original author, philosopher Mortimer J. Adler, and co-edited with him a 1, 771-page anthology entitled Great Treasury of Western Thought ( 1977 ).

After the events of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, in which Confucianism was blamed for China ’ s weakness and decline in the face of Western aggression, a major Chinese philosopher of the time, Xiong Shili ( 1885-1968 ), established and re-constructed Confucianism as a response.

Carl Sagan recited a version of the story as an apocryphal anecdote in his 1979 book Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, as an exchange between a " Western traveler " and an " Oriental philosopher ".

A native of Axim, Anton Wilhelm Amo ( 1703 – 1756 ), qualifies as the first Western black philosopher, that is, specifically, the first black African to receive a philosophical education in Europe and to publish philosophical works there.

While various philosophers had influenced Christendom since its earliest times, in Western Europe Aristotle became " the Philosopher " under the influence of the Spanish Moslem philosopher Averroes.

Benedetto Croce wrote that Gentile "... holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo – Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy.

The Blackwell dictionary of Western philosophy ( 2004 ) defines " Neo-pragmatism " as follows: " A postmodern version of pragmatism developed by the American philosopher Richard Rorty and drawing inspiration from authors such as John Dewey, Martin Heidegger, Wilfrid Sellars, Quine, and Jacques Derrida.

* Craig Walker, " Michel Tremblay: Existential Mythopoeia ," The Buried Astrolabe: Canadian Dramatic Imagination and Western Tradition.

Drawing on Michel Foucault ’ s concept of liberal government, Tony Bennett has suggested the development of more modern 19th century museums was part of new strategies by Western governments to produce a citizenry that, rather than be directed by coercive or external forces, monitored and regulated its own conduct.

The idea that national freedom and the glory of the Arab Nation had been destroyed by Ottoman and Western imperialism was expounded in Michel Aflaq ’ s works On the Way of Resurrection and The Battle for One Destiny.

The Conjunto de la Secretaría de Cultura ( Secretary of Culture Complex ) is a series of buildings around a central plaza that contains a Juan Soriano sculpture by the nameof “ El Toro .” The three main buildings are the Edificio de Talleres which is for workshops on various artistic disciplines, the Casa de la Cultura Alfonso Michel or Edificio Central, which hosts various exhibitions along with a permanent collection of works by Alfonso Michel and Museo de las Culturas de Occidente María Ahumada de Gómez ( María Ahumada de Gómez Museum of Western Cultures. The Ahumada Museum has a large collection of archeological pieces from the region.

The term " Arab socialism " was coined by Michel Aflaq, the principal founder of ba ' athism and the Ba ' ath Party, in order to distinguish his version of socialist ideology from the internationalist Marxist socialism in Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia, and the social democracy in Western Europe.

Early contacts in the West included Swiss ethnomusicologist Laurent Aubert and Belgian musicians Stéphane Karo and Michel Winter, two fans who were so taken by the band's music that they turned into managers, brought the newly named " Taraf de Haïdouks " to Western Europe and helped launch their international career.

commentary by Michel on Kaempfer's manuscript and drawings, Japanese and Western coworkers, Kaempfer's research context, his Japanese collection etc.

The version of the fungus that annihilated the Gros Michel was only found in the Western Hemisphere, but the version that was found in Malaysian soil was different.

Andrée Michel argues that the arms race is not only proceeding with greater vigor, it is the surest means for Western countries to maintain their hegemony over countries of the South.

Jean Michel Jarre returns to China after his 1981 concerts in China, where he was the first Western musician to perform since the revolution, and his Hong Kong concert in March 1994.

In the book, Foucault dealt with the manner in which Western European society had dealt with madness, arguing that it was a social construct distinct from mental illness.

A responsible complicity: Neo / colonial power-knowledge and the work of Foucault, Said, Spivak ( University of Western Ontario Press, 1996 ).

The second part of Foucault ’ s definition ( the " resulting, on the one hand, in formation of a whole series of specific governmental apparatuses, and, on the other, in the development of a whole complex of savoirs ") presents governmentality as the long, slow development of Western governments which eventually took over from forms of governance like sovereignty and discipline into what it is today: bureaucracies and the typical methods by which they operate.

According to Foucault, there are several instances where the Western, " liberal art of government " enters into a period of crisis, where the logic of ensuring freedom ( which was defined against the background of risk or danger ) necessitates actions " which potentially risk producing exactly the opposite.

Foucault considers the breakthrough of " this governmental reasoning " of the population as a substantial event in Western history and society comparable to the scientific revolution of the 16th century.

Foucault concentrates on how the police became an integral feature and intermingled with population, tracing the system on its foundation on how this is arranged around the composition of forces which the whole Western system of the balance of power, raison E ’ tat was organised and arranged around.

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating evolution of modern European civil law traditions.

In April 1917, during a brief period of German aerial supremacy, a grandstanding Member of Parliament ( upset at the lack of orders for his own aircraft manufacturing firm ) claimed that, on the Western Front, a British pilot's average life expectancy was 93 flying hours, or about three weeks of active service.

He claimed half the Western Roman Empire as dowry.

Gaddafi rejected both Soviet communism and Western capitalism and claimed he was charting a middle course for his government .< ref > The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, ( 2001 – 2005 ), < u >" Qaddafi, Muammar al -"< u >, Bartleby Books.

The three hundred Western bishops who remained, confirmed the previous decisions of the Roman synod ; and by its 3rd, 4th, and 5th decrees relating to the rights of revision claimed by Julius, the council of Sardica perceptibly helped forward the claims of the Bishop of Rome.

Only eight African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara ( claimed by Morocco ), Sudan and South Sudan, they form the UN subregion of Northern Africa which also makes up the largest bloc of the Arab World.

* They recall that, during the 40-year Great Western Schism, while nobody claimed that the see of Rome was vacant, there was uncertainty about which of the two ( eventually three ) claimants was the true pontiff, with even canonized saints taking opposing sides in the controversy.

The Bremen-based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt crossing the Northern Sea Route for shipping without assistance from icebreakers, cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan, Korea and Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

The Soviet government claimed that the site was an imaging station for optically tracking space objects, while Western experts believed it was a site built to employ directed-energy weapons against space based targets.

The politics of Western Sahara take place in a framework of an area claimed by both the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco, which controls the majority of the territory.

Western Sahara, formerly the Spanish colony of Spanish Sahara, is a disputed territory claimed by both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front.

Heidegger claimed that Western philosophy since Plato has misunderstood what it means for something " to be ", tending to approach this question in terms of a being, rather than asking about Being itself.

Powell further claimed that even if nuclear weapons had not existed, the Russians would still not have invaded Western Europe: " What has prevented that from happening was ... the fact that the Soviet Union knew ... that such an action on its part would have led to a third world war -— a long war, bitterly fought, a war which in the end the Soviet Union would have been likely to lose on the same basis and in the same way as the corresponding war was lost by Napoleon, by the Emperor Wilhelm and by Adolf Hitler.

Some commentators have claimed that Western civilization can be almost defined by its serious testing of the limits of tension between " unaided " reason and faith in " revealed " truths — figuratively summarized as Athens and Jerusalem, respectively.

The word " bugger " was derived, via the French " bougre ", from " Bulgar ", that is, " Bulgarian ", meaning the medieval Bulgarian heretical sect of the Bogomils, which spread into Western Europe and was claimed by the established church to be devoted to the practice of sodomy.

After the U. S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, which killed three journalists and led to a diplomatic row between the U. S. and People ’ s Republic of China, NATO and various Western media claimed the building might have been targeted because the office of the Chinese military attaché was being used by Arkan to communicate and transmit messages to his paramilitary group, the Tigers, in Kosovo.

The place of articulation of the consonants / s /, / z /, / n /, / ɾ / and / l / is claimed to be alveolar in Western Balochi, while at least the / ɾ / is claimed to be dental in Southern Balochi.

In two Sanskrit texts quoted by Sanskritist Vidhushekhara Bhattacharya in 1943 he appears as " Apalūnya ", in one of them together with Damis ( called " Damīśa "), it is claimed that Apollonius and Damis were Western yogis, who later on were converted to the correct Advaita philosophy.

International disputes :: part of Algeria's south-eastern region is also claimed by Libya ; Algeria supports the exiled Polisario Front of the Western Sahara ; it rejects the Moroccan administration of the Western Sahara ; some countries question Algeria's use of capital punishment.

As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe, Tobis-Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri-Ergon patents, stalling the introduction of American technology in many places.

An article Also in 2000, the Johannesburg Mail & Guardian reported that in a leaked text for a speech Mbeki was to give to an ANC caucus, Mbeki claimed that the CIA and Western drug companies were secretly promoting the view that HIV causes AIDS in order to increase sales of anti-HIV drugs.