When Napoleon arrived, he reorganized the defenses, while realizing that without cannon, the city could not be held.

When Danican's poorly trained men attacked, on 13 Vendémiaire, 1795 — October 5, 1795, in the calendar used in France, at the time — Napoleon ordered his cannon to fire grapeshot into the mob, an act that became known as the " whiff of grapeshot ".

When Napoleon I ordered the invasion of Portugal in 1807 because it refused to join the Continental System, the Portuguese Braganças moved their capital to Rio de Janeiro to avoid the fate of the Spanish Bourbons ( Napoleon I arrested them and made his brother Joseph king ).

When Napoleon began his blockade of the British Empire ( see Continental System ), British steel became unavailable, and Napoleon offered a prize of four thousand francs to anyone who could replicate the British process.

When Napoleon rose to power in 1799, there was no ancient base from which to draw his staff, and he had to choose the people he thought best for the job, including officers from his army, revolutionaries who had been in the National Assembly, and even some former aristocrats such as prime minister Talleyrand.

When French emperor Napoleon I completed his conquest of Northern Italy and began to push his armies towards the edges of the northern territories of the Papal State, San Marino found itself forced to choose between maintaining the alliance with the Papal State or creating a new one with France.

When the Third Coalition declared war on France, after the short-lived Peace of Amiens, Napoleon was determined to invade Britain.

When Villeneuve set sail from Ferrol on 10 August, he was under orders from Napoleon to sail northward toward Brest.

When Napoleon was defeated, his fall was celebrated in Provence.

When Napoleon abandoned his planned invasion of Britain its propaganda value was lost and it was returned to Bayeux where the council displayed it on a winding apparatus of two cylinders.

When Napoleon indicated that he preferred a centralized organization of the Dutch state ( as the re-federalized model of the Staatsbewind had clearly not worked out ), he did not hesitate to implement this in his project of a new constitution, that he constructed in the Summer of 1804 in consultation with the Staatsbewind.

When the clash about the French customs men therefore took place later in the month, Napoleon came to a speedy decision and soon thereafter the Batavian Republic had a new constitution and government.

When under attack by Napoleon in 1805, Karl Wilhelm may have had the French Blue recut to disguise its identity ; in this form, the stone could have come to Britain in 1806, when his family fled there to join his daughter Caroline of Brunswick.

When the Order of St John of Jerusalem left the Maltese Islands, the French took over the Infirmary in June 1798, just after the occupation of the Island by General Napoleon Bonaparte.

When the French Emperor Napoleon took Rome and expelled Pope Pius VII in 1809, Cappellari fled to Murano.

When Louis appealed to his brother Napoleon for help, Napoleon sided with Hortense.

When Napoleon III and his city planner Baron Haussmann planned to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe, a first step was to grant large sweeps of land near the centre of the city to Haussmann's friends and financial supporters.

When the Sixth Coalition finally defeated Napoleon, Louis XVIII was restored to what he, and Royalists, considered his rightful place.

When his father abdicated on 4 April 1814, he named his son Emperor, but the coalition partners that had defeated Napoleon refused to acknowledge his son as successor, so he was forced to abdicate unconditionally a week later.

When his nephew, Prince Louis Napoleon, became President of the French Republic in 1848, Jérôme was made governor of Les Invalides, Paris, the burial place of Napoleon I.

When Louis Napoleon became emperor as Napoleon III, Jérôme was recognized as the heir presumptive to the throne until the birth of the Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial.

When they replied that they were " marvellous ", Bonaparte responded that it was just as well, since he would have them shot if they continued " fostering mutinies and preaching revolt.

When Louis Bonaparte carried out a coup against the French government and made himself president for life on December 2, 1851, Marx and Engels, like many people, were shocked.

When Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial, died in 1879, Prince Napoleon became the genealogically most senior member of the Bonaparte family, but the Prince Imperial's will excluded him from the succession, nominating Prince Napoleon's son Napoléon Victor Jérôme Frédéric Bonaparte as the new head of the family.

When his brother Napoleon Bonaparte annexed the Kingdom of Holland into the French Empire in 1810, he had all local government radically reformed to become compatible with French structures.

When they had requested French help, a young artillery officer by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte was to be sent to Constantinople in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery.

When France regained control of Martinique, Napoléon Bonaparte reinstated slavery.

When Gustav IV of Sweden attained his majority, Armfelt was completely rehabilitated and sent as Swedish ambassador to Vienna in 1802, but was obliged to quit the post two years later for sharply attacking the Austrian government's attitude towards Napoleon Bonaparte.

When Napoleon Bonaparte came to power in 1799, he began the process of coming back to terms with the Catholic Church.

When Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia suppressed the convent in 1812 she found refuge in a widow's house.

When a treaty of peace was shortly afterwards concluded with Portugal, he succeeded Lucien Bonaparte as ambassador at Madrid.

When he reached Italy, the treaty of Campo Formio had been signed, and Bonaparte had returned to France ; but, under the direction of Berthier, MacDonald occupied Rome, of which he was made governor, and then in conjunction with Championnet he defeated General Mack, and took the Kingdom of Naples, which became known as the Parthenopaean Republic.

When Suvorov invaded northern Italy, and was undoing the conquests of Bonaparte, MacDonald moved northwards.

When Bonaparte returned from Egypt, he found Moreau at Paris, greatly dissatisfied with the French Directory government both as a general and as a republican, and obtained his assistance in the coup d ' état of 18 Brumaire, when Moreau commanded the force which confined two of the directors in the Luxembourg Palace.

According to Jasper Ridley, when the Assembly convened for the first time: " When the name of Carlo Bonaparte, who was a member for Viterbo, was called, he replied to the roll-call by calling out Long live the Republic!

When the Bourbons were expelled a second time in 1806 and Joseph Bonaparte seized the throne of Naples, he was reinstated in his rank and served in the expedition against the brigands and rebels of Calabria.

According to Jasper Ridley: " When the name of Carlo Luciano Bonaparte, who was a member for Viterbo, was called, he replied to the roll-call by calling out Long live the Republic!

When Napoleon Bonaparte retreated from Moscow, Emperor Alexander I signed a manifest, 25 December 1812, declaring his intention to build a cathedral in honor of Christ the Saviour " to signify Our gratitude to Divine Providence for saving Russia from the doom that overshadowed Her " and as a memorial to the sacrifices of the Russian people.

When reinforcements under Brabeck, Schübirz, and Provera arrived later in the day, Bonaparte called off the futile attacks and drew his troops back within the walls of Verona.

When Bonaparte returned from Egypt in 1799, he escaped to France in the Muiron.

When Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from his enforced exile on the island of Elba, among other steps that the delegates of the European the powers at the Congress of Vienna took was to issue a statement on 13 March 1815 declaring Napoleon Bonaparte to be an outlaw.