When the Germanic peoples entered the Roman Empire and founded successor-kingdoms in the western part, most had been Arian Christians for more than a century.

When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman victory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus ' successor Claudius II Gothicus turned north to deal with the Alemanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the Po River.

When the news spread that Agrippina had died, the Roman army, senate and various people sent him letters of congratulations that he had been saved from his mother's plots.

When the Vikings returned in force in 892 they found a kingdom defended by a standing, mobile field army and a network of garrisoned fortresses that commanded its navigable rivers and Roman roads.

When a Roman embassy sought restitution for the damage, the Latins gave a contemptuous reply.

When the Roman infantry became entangled in combat with his army, the hidden ambush force attacked the legionnaires in the rear.

When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God ( in a book of the same name ), distinct from the material Earthly City.

When in December 1978 there was media speculation that Prince Charles might marry a Roman Catholic, Powell defended the provision that excludes Roman Catholics from ascending the throne, claiming his objection was not rooted in religious bigotry but in political considerations.

When Thomas Hobbes wrote that " the Papacy is no other than the ghost of the deceased Roman Empire sitting crowned upon the grave thereof ", he was promulgating an enormously important truth.

When the Roman Empire turned Christian during the following century, this imagery came to be used in a more metaphysical sense, and removed legal impediments to the development and public use of the Anno Domini dating system, which came into general use during the reign of Charlemagne.

When the Roman Emperor Hadrian vowed to rebuild Jerusalem from the wreckage in 130 AD, he considered reconstructing Jerusalem as a gift for the Jewish people.

: When, after the action had thus occurred, his own men returned to each general, Scipio could adopt no fixed plan of proceeding, except that he should form his measures from the plans and undertakings of the enemy: and Hannibal, uncertain whether he should pursue the march he had commenced into Italy, or fight with the Roman army which had first presented itself, the arrival of ambassadors from the Boii, and of a petty prince called Magalus, diverted from an immediate engagement ; who, declaring that they would be the guides of his journey and the companions of his dangers, gave it as their opinion, that Italy ought to be attacked with the entire force of the war, his strength having been nowhere previously impaired.

When the first meeting of the Fourth Duma was convened in late 1912, only one out of six Bolshevik deputies, Matvei Muranov, ( another one, Roman Malinovsky, was later exposed as an Okhrana secret police agent ) voted to break away from the Menshevik faction within the Duma on 15 December 1912.

When he openly left Octavian's sister, Octavia Minor, and moved to Alexandria to become Cleopatra's official partner, he led many Roman politicians to believe that he was trying to become the unchecked ruler of Egypt and of other eastern kingdoms, while still maintaining his command over the many Roman legions in the East.

When it was deployed on duty in Northern Ireland, the British Army was welcomed by Roman Catholics as a neutral force there to protect them from Protestant mobs, the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) and the B-Specials.

When sufficient information has been gathered, the investigation of the candidate, who is called " Servant of God ", is presented by the local bishop to the Roman Curia — in particular, the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints — where it is assigned a postulator, whose task is to gather further information about the life of the Servant of God.

When Constantius learned of Shapur's withdrawal from Roman territory, he prepared his army for a counter-attack, drilling them and upgrading the equipment of his cataphracts.

When stopped by the Roman guards, they prayed to St Catherine to help them, confident that she would rather have her body ( or at least part thereof ) in Siena.

When the church was founded by Saint Mark during the reign of the Roman emperor Nero, a great multitude of native Egyptians ( as opposed to Greeks or Jews ) embraced the Christian faith.

When Orthodox theologians use the term " deuterocanonical ," it is important to note that the meaning is not identical to the Roman Catholic usage.

When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese ( see Nanban period ), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the Emperor, with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the Shogun to secular European rulers, e. g. the Holy Roman Emperor.

When Theodosius died, in January 395, Honorius and Arcadius divided the Empire, so that Honorius became Western Roman Emperor at the age of ten.

When the Consul Gaius Flaminius was killed during the disastrous Roman defeat at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, panic swept Rome.

When the Know-nothings get control, it will read, All men are created equal except Negroes and foreigners and Catholics.

When they refused most of the fellows were ejected and replaced by Catholics.

When they started, the other sects were quite strong and growing, but by the 14th century the Waldensians had been driven underground and the Cathars ( no relation to Catholics ) had been slaughtered en masse or forced to recant.

When her fellow Republicans would not support her efforts, she went to the Democrats, who changed from drys led by conservative Democrats and Catholics to supporting repeal led by liberal politicians such as La Guardia and Franklin Roosevelt.

When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and Cathars once they'd taken the city of Béziers, the Papal Legate Arnaud Amalric famously replied, " Kill them all, God will know His own ".

When Pope Pius V made the Roman Missal mandatory for all Catholics of the Latin Rite, he permitted the continuance of other forms of celebrating Mass that had an antiquity of at least two centuries.

When Vietnam was divided, 800, 000 to 1 million North Vietnamese, mainly ( but not exclusively ) Roman Catholics, sailed south as part of Operation Passage to Freedom due to a fear of religious persecution in the North.

When it became obvious that the old man would not live much longer, his wife and daughter, who had always been fervent Catholics, strove to convert him to their religion.

When asked by a Crusader how to tell Catholics from Cathars once they had taken the city, the abbot supposedly replied, " Kill them all, God will know His own "-" Neca eos omnes.

When Catholics were expected to abstain from eating meat during Lent, a meatless variety of gumbo, known as gumbo z ' herbes ( literally " gumbo with herbs "), was often served.

When trouble started to brew in Ireland, both Charles and his parliament raised armies to quell the uprisings by native Catholics there.

When the Great Fire of London occurred in 1666, rumors floated around about arson and the first to be blamed were Catholics, especially the Jesuits.

When gold was discovered in late 1851, there were an estimated 9, 000 Catholics in the Colony of Victoria, increasing to 100, 000 by the time the Jesuits arrived 14 years later.

When commenting on the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill in May 2008, Honeyball asked whether ministers should be allowed to sit on the front bench of government if they are committed Roman Catholics.

When confirmed, Catholics receive the " special outpouring of the Holy Spirit as once granted to the apostles on the day of Pentecost ".

When he returned from consistory at the Vatican, the new cardinal was greeted at Holy Name Cathedral with a celebratory procession of over 80, 000 Catholics.

When the Portuguese ceded the island to the British, there was a well established population of Roman Catholics, mainly fishermen.

When the ' Oudemannenhuis ' opened in 1609, many of the poor men who were accepted were Catholics.

When interrogated about the excommunication, his only regret was that it might create greater hardship for Catholics.

When in 1829 the Roman Catholics of the United Kingdom were freed from all their civil disabilities, the hopes of the Jews rose high ; and the first step toward a similar alleviation in their case was taken in 1830 when William Huskisson presented a petition signed by 2, 000 merchants and others of Liverpool.

When 1000 armed Ribbonmen gathered, shots were fired, Catholic homes were burnt and about 80 Catholics killed.

When the immigration of poor Irish Catholics was running at a massive level he campaigned against Irish migration.