When calculating the difference in voltage, one must first manipulate the half-cell reactions to obtain a balanced oxidation-reduction equation.

When calculating scattering cross sections in particle physics, the interaction between particles can be described by starting from a free field which describes the incoming and outgoing particles, and including an interaction Hamiltonian to describe how the particles deflect one another.

When calculating the fluctuations with a perturbative

When calculating specific impulse, only propellant that is carried with the vehicle before use is counted.

When calculating the distortion, it is common to exclude the DC components.

When calculating flow to drains or flow to wells in an aquifer, the anisotropy is to be taken into account lest the resulting design of the drainage system may be faulty.

When it lands on edge – and next to a newspaper story on one of Smith's accomplishments – he chooses Smith, calculating that his wholesome image will please the people while his naïveté will make him easy to manipulate.

When calculating with SI units, the standards would be for mass, kilograms ; for radius, meters ; and for angular velocity, radians per second.

When calculating R, allowance must be made for any current through the external load, not shown in this diagram, connected across U < sub > OUT </ sub >.

When calculating counterfeit products, current estimates place the global losses at $ 400 billion.

When calculating the output of, for example, a photovoltaic panel, the angle of the sun relative to the panel needs to be taken into account as well as the insolation.

When calculating a Thévenin-equivalent voltage, the voltage divider principle is often useful, by declaring one terminal to be V < sub > out </ sub > and the other terminal to be at the ground point.

When both legs are in the same currency, this notional amount is typically not exchanged between counterparties, but is used only for calculating the size of cashflows to be exchanged.

When calculating the electromagnetic interactions of charged particles, it is tempting to ignore the back-reaction of a particle's own field on itself.

When calculating the length of a short north-south line at the equator, the sphere that best approximates that part of the spheroid has a radius of, or 6, 335. 439 km, while the spheroid at the poles is best approximated by a sphere of radius, or 6, 399. 594 km, a 1 % difference.

When calculating probabilities for a card game such as Texas Hold ' em, there are two basic approaches.

When calculating the radiance emitted by a source, A refers to an area on the surface of the source, and Ω to the solid angle into which the light is emitted.

When calculating radiance at a detector, A refers to an area on the surface of the detector and Ω to the solid angle subtended by the source as viewed from that detector.

When the bottle is empty, Ringo places a love poem by Hafez inside it, and casts it into the Seine, calculating that one day it will reach American shores.

* When calculating the year in the game with the beginning of NC, in the game EV Nova, the year is 3955 ( It could be possible that the date of the game was influenced by the Planet of the Apes film series ).

When all the measuring, comparing, and calculating are done, some type of final control element must implement the strategy selected by the controller.

When calculating the prime, a separate point scale is used.

When calculating or estimating data throughputs, the details of the frame / cell / packet format and the technology's detailed implementation need to be understood.

When calculating multiples over different time periods ( e. g. historic multiples vs forward multiples ) EV should be adjusted to reflect the weighted average invested capital of the company in each period.

When some thirteen records of newly and recently born individuals are collated, little or no correlation between length and distribution can be detected.

When a high correlation between the two is found, it is likely that the appropriate gene sequence is really closer.

In contrast, this does not give a perfect Pearson correlation. When the data are roughly elliptically distributed and there are no prominent outliers, the Spearman correlation and Pearson correlation give similar values.

When the engine is running normally, there is a good correlation between the intake manifold pressure and the torque the engine is developing.

When she accepted her nomination as the Socialist presidential candidate, Royal said, " There is a strong correlation between the status of a woman and the state of justice or injustice in a country.

* When there is correlation between congenital deformities or birthmarks possessed by the child and the history of the previous individual, the hypothesis of random occurrence is improbable.

When a statistical test shows a correlation between A and B, there are usually six possibilities:

When the prediction came true, it fueled new interest in that arguably specious correlation.

When a variogram is used to describe the correlation of different variables it is called cross-variogram.

When primary radar was the only type of radar available, the correlation of individual radar returns with specific aircraft typically was achieved by the Controller observing a directed turn by the aircraft.

When the correlation between the two securities temporarily weakens, i. e. one stock moves up while the other moves down, the pairs trade would be to short the outperforming stock and to long the underperforming one, betting that the " spread " between the two would eventually converge.

When not on the House floor, Johnson, in Washington without wife Eliza, shunned social functions in favor of increased self study and reading in the Congressional library.

When the current through the device is reversed, the electrodes switch functions, so anode becomes cathode, while cathode becomes anode, as long as the reversed current is applied, with the exception of diodes where electrode naming is always based on the forward current direction.

When α is an integer, moreover, as was similarly the case for the functions of the first kind, the following relationship is valid:

When α is an integer, the Bessel functions J are entire functions of x.

When the functions J < sub > n </ sub >( x ) are plotted on the same graph, though, none of the zeros seem to coincide for different values of n except for the zero at x = 0.

When applied to vector spaces of functions ( which typically are infinite-dimensional ), dual spaces are employed for defining and studying concepts like measures, distributions, and Hilbert spaces.

When a Governor-General is overseas on official duties or unable to perform official functions, or the office is vacant, the senior state governor is appointed as Administrator of the Commonwealth, and is effectively acting Governor-General.

When placed on the external address bus, it replicates the original functions of B and C. Port A has input capture, output compare, pulse accumulator, and other timer functions ; port D has serial I / O, and port E has an analog to digital converter ( ADC ).

When contains many candidate functions or the training set is not sufficiently large, empirical risk minimization leads to high variance and poor generalization.

When pure Python code is not fast enough, time-critical functions can be rewritten in " closer to the metal " languages such as C, or by translating ( a dialect of ) Python code to C code using tools like Cython.

When parameters are present, the definition actually defines a whole family of functions, one for every valid set of values of the parameters.

When serializing structures with, there are network safe functions that always store their data in a format that is readable on any computer at a small cost of speed.

When the cities are viewed as points in the plane, many natural distance functions are metrics, and so many natural instances of TSP satisfy this constraint.

When attending various functions and receptions in his honour, he consumed large amounts of alcohol, even though otherwise he was not a regular drinker.

When stored alongside the data, CRCs and cryptographic hash functions by themselves do not protect against intentional modification of data.

When no circuitry is common between transmit and receive functions, the device is a transmitter-receiver.

When hash functions and fingerprints are used to identify similar data, such as homologous DNA sequences or similar audio files, the functions are designed so as to maximize the probability of collision between distinct but similar data.

When coupled with production or commodity constraints, under some assumptions, these functions can be used to analyze Pareto efficiency, such as illustrated by Edgeworth boxes in contract curves.

When all of the details are worked out one ends up with an expression that again takes the form of an Arrhenius exponential multiplied by a slowly varying function of T. The precise form of the temperature dependence depends upon the reaction, and can be calculated using formulas from statistical mechanics involving the partition functions of the reactants and of the activated complex.

When functions between discrete sets are considered in combinatorics, it is not always obvious that " increasing " and " decreasing " are taken to include the possibility of repeating the same value at successive arguments, so one finds the terms weakly increasing and weakly decreasing to stress this possibility.

When Thames Water was privatised in 1990, its river management functions were transferred to the National Rivers Authority, in 1996 subsumed into the Environment Agency.