While changes to the chromosome caused by X-ray and mustard gas were readily observable to the early researchers, other changes to the DNA induced by other mutagens were not so easily observable, and the mechanism may be complex and takes longer to unravel.

* 1895 – While experimenting with electricity, Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.

While conventional ( 2D visible light ) imaging is most commonly used in MV, alternatives include imaging various infrared bands, line scan imaging, 3D imaging of surfaces and X-ray imaging.

While objects in that direction lie in the Zone of Avoidance ( the part of the night sky obscured by the Milky Way galaxy ) and are thus difficult to study with visible wavelengths, X-ray observations have revealed that the region of space is dominated by the Norma cluster ( ACO 3627 ), a massive cluster of galaxies containing a preponderance of large, old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, and / or radiating large amounts of radio waves.

While a plain X-ray of the bones surrounding the pituitary may reveal the presence of a large macro-adenoma, the small micro-adenoma will not be apparent.

While injecting a radiodense contrast agent an X-ray is taken.

While EDS yields more information and typically requires a much shorter counting time, WDS is the more precise technique because its superior X-ray peak resolution.

While the mechanism is not fully understood, it is likely to involve the production of electron – positron pairs, as ordinary matter gains tremendous energy while falling into a stellar remnant .< ref >

While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding, quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules.

While paired electrons are required by the Pauli exclusion principle to have their intrinsic (' spin ') magnetic moments pointing in opposite directions, causing their magnetic fields to cancel out, an unpaired electron is free to align its magnetic moment in any direction.

While typical chemical reactions release energies on the order of a few eVs ( e. g. the binding energy of the electron to hydrogen is 13. 6 eV ), nuclear fission reactions typically release energies on the order of hundreds of millions of eVs.

While the value of α can be estimated from the values of the constants appearing in any of its definitions, the theory of quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) provides a way to measure α directly using the quantum Hall effect or the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron.

While an electron microscope needs an expensive vacuum environment for proper operation, most AFM modes can work perfectly well in ambient air or even a liquid environment.

While passing through the first cavity, the electron beam is velocity modulated by the weak RF signal.

While oxygenic phototrophs use water as an electron donor for phototrophy, Chloroflexus uses reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, or elemental sulfur.

While the amount of holes per filled levels in the dopant band is low, there is a large number of holes or levels to occupy per electron in the conduction band ( see figure 2 ).

Image: nudemousejejunum_EM. jpg | Microvilli ( shaggy hair ) show electron dense plaques ( open arrow ) at their apices. These plaques may be the anchoring point for the microfilaments which run up through the core of the microvilli. While an extensive glycocalyx is present on the microvilli of many mammals, the microvilli observed in this study do not demonstrate any visible glycocalyx. The junctional complex ( thin arrow ) at the apices of the epithelial cells is supplemented by numerous spot desmosomes ( arrow head ) on the lateral surfaces of the cells.

While the static lattice does not hinder the motion of the electrons, electrons can be scattered by impurities and by phonons ; these two interactions determine electrical and thermal conductivity ( superconductivity requires a more refined theory than the free electron model ).

While exciting a 2s electron into a 2p orbital would, in theory, allow for four bonds according to the valence bond theory, ( which has been proved experimentally correct for systems like O < sub > 2 </ sub >) this would imply that the various bonds of CH < sub > 4 </ sub > would have differing energies due to differing levels of orbital overlap.

While working at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s, he used the electron microscope to make images of cells which deepened the scientific understanding of cellular structure and function.

While in respiration electrons are transferred from substrate ( electron donor ) to an electron acceptor, in fermentation part of the substrate molecule itself accepts the electrons.

While in motion an electron possesses kinetic energy, regardless of any imposed charge field — this could be achieved by accelerating electrons via a voltage differential into a screened " field-free " region, which initially imparts the energy required to accelerate the electron.

While investigating an outbreak of simian hemorrhagic fever ( SHF ) in 1989, a USAMRIID electron microscopist discovered filoviruses similar in appearance to Ebola in tissue samples taken from a crab-eating macaque imported from the Philippines to the Hazleton Laboratories in Reston, Virginia.

While learning new skills, gymnasts often work on low beams that have the same dimensions and surface of regulation apparatus, but are set a very short distance from the ground.

While the beams will point into the patient from different angles, all the beams will be pointed towards one point or centre in the prostate ( so called an isocentric technique ).

While earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams, M. Kreysing and colleagues recently showed that the careful excitation of further optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber allows the realization of non-trivial trapping geometries.

* While classic super robots typically use special attacks activated by voice commands, real robots more commonly make use of manually operated scaled-up / advanced versions of human weapons, such as lasers / particle beams, guns, shields, and swords.

While Shadow vessels utilize a powerful pinpoint directed energy beam as their primary weapon, Vorlon ships have elongated structures resembling tentacles at the face of their ships that channel massive amounts of energy into capacitance, which are then fired as powerful beams of energy.

While proton beams are widely used for SEE testing due to availability, at lower energies proton irradiation can often underestimate SEE susceptibility.

While all collision systems are interesting, great focus was applied in the late 1990s to symmetric collision systems of gold beams on gold targets at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Alternating Gradient Synchrotron ( AGS ) and uranium beams on uranium targets at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron.

While the Ghostbusters ' dialogue indicates that the accelerator system operates similarly to a cyclotron ( and indeed Dr. Peter Venkman refers to the Proton Packs in one scene as " unlicensed nuclear accelerators "), modern particle accelerators produce well collimated particle beams.

While the prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams and lintels, this brought in the arcuate style of construction, with its arches and beams, which flourished under Mughal patronage and by incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani architecture including decorative corbel brackets, balconies, pendentive decorations and indeed kiosks or chhatris, to developed a distinct, Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the nearly four hundred years of the Mughal rule.

While the renovation boosted capacity, it did result in a large number of obstructed view seats in the lower levels due to the support beams required for the upper deck.

While mainline is to be made of entirely precast segmental spans, the connectors will be made of segmental and I beams.

While able to use telekinesis and breathe fire in her human form, Juuza can assume a Demon Beast form where she fires bullets from her fingers and shock-waves and beams from her mouth.

While white is the coolest summer shade, there are lots of pastel hues along with tintable fabrics that will blend with any wardrobe color.

While it is easy enough to ridicule Hawkins' pronouncement in Pleas Of The Crown from a metaphysical point of view, the concept of the `` oneness '' of a married couple may reflect an abiding belief that the communion between husband and wife is such that their actions are not always to be regarded by the criminal law as if there were no marriage.

While there are now allegations of the withholding of `` favorable evidence developed at the hearing '' and a denial of a `` full and fair hearing '', no such claim was made by petitioner at any stage of the administrative process.

While 2-year-olds are still gaining most of the attention at the track, green horses are starting to go a bit, and Jimmy Cruise has several that can really make it.

While individual sportsmen are aware of this situation, too many of our political, social, educational and even religious leaders too often forget it.

While some suppression and some denial are not only necessary but healthy, the worker's clinical knowledge must determine how these defenses are being used, what healthy shifts in defensive adaptation are indicated, and when efforts at bringing about change can be most effectively timed.

While there are many different possibilities for the timing of casework intervention, the experiments recently reported from a variety of traditional settings all point up the importance of an immediate response to the client's initial need for help.

While the interpretations that have been given are inferences only, they gain support from such comments as the following, which was made by one of the Kohnstamm-negative subjects who did not, on the first trial, perceive the tilt illusion.

While this influence is a complex matter, depending upon personality factors in the individual as well as upon his social-class experience, there probably are some general statements about social-class background and educational policy that can be made with a fair degree of truth.

While costs on this order are sometimes separately charged for in residential and commercial rates, in the form of a mere `` service charge '', they are more frequently wholly or partly covered by a minimum charge which entitles the consumer to a very small amount of gas or electricity with no further payment.

While ATP appears to be necessary for the occurrence of contraction, its presence and enzymatic hydrolysis of it by the muscle protein myosin are not the only criteria for contraction.

While there are still many bugs to be ironed out, the technique is fast developing.

While nowadays we recognize the fact that there are many causes for bleeding at the nose, not long ago a nosebleed was simply that, and treatment had little variation.

Many years later ( on August 3, 1915 ), Lucy Upton wrote Winslow's daughter soon to be graduated from Smith College: `` While I love botany which, after dabbling in for years, I studied according to the methods of that day exactly forty years ago in a summer school, it must be fascinating to take up zoology in the way you are doing.

While patent suits are still among the most complex and expensive forms of litigation, these rules have saved litigants uncounted sums of money.

While details are still to be worked out, Ratcliff said he expects to tell home folks in Dallas why he thinks Berry's proposed constitutional amendment should be rejected.

While availability of mortgage money has been a factor in encouraging apartment construction, the generally high level of prosperity in the past few years plus rising consumer income are among the factors that have encouraged builders to concentrate in the apartment-building field.

While it must be said that these same Protestants have built some new churches during this period, and that religious population shifts have emptied churches, a principal reason for this phenomenon of redundancy is that fewer Protestants are going to church.

While we are filling outer space with scientific successes, for many the `` inner '' space of their soul is an aching void.

While there is general agreement on these six families, there are some points of disagreement among linguists who study Afroasiatic.

While most alphabets have letters composed of lines ( linear writing ), there are also exceptions such as the alphabets used in Braille, fingerspelling, and Morse code.