The benefits of greater authority were reaped by William's son Alexander II and his son Alexander III, who pursued a policy of peace with England to expand their authority in the Highlands and Islands.

Eight years later, after William's death in 1120, a much more momentous union was made between Henry's daughter, ( the former Empress ) Matilda and Fulk's son Geoffrey Plantagenet, which eventually resulted in the union of the two realms under the Plantagenet Kings.

Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak.

The King's brother Prince William ( the future King and Emperor William I ) had fled to England, and Bismarck intrigued with William's wife Augusta to place their teenage son ( the future Frederick III ) on the Prussian throne in King Frederick William IV's place — Augusta would have none of it, and detested Bismarck thereafter, although Bismarck did later help to restore a working relationship between the King and his brother, who were on poor terms.

Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120 ; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge.

The second was Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg, who was the son of Duke John William's second eldest sister, Anna of Cleves.

William's father was Robert Pitt ( 1680 – 1727 ), the eldest son of Governor Pitt, who served as a Tory Member of Parliament from 1705 to 1727.

As well as promising a large sum of money, the ailing William agreed to his elder daughters marrying English nobles and, when the treaty was renewed in 1212, John apparently gained the hand of William's only surviving legitimate son, and heir, Alexander, for his eldest daughter, Joan.

William's final years were marked by difficulties in his continental domains, troubles with his eldest son, and threatened invasions of England by the Danes.

William's lands were divided after his death: Normandy went to his eldest son, Robert, and his second surviving son, William, received England.

William departed Normandy in July 1080, and in the autumn William's son Robert was sent on a campaign against the Scots.

William's son Robert, still allied with the French King Philip I, appears to have been active in stirring up trouble, enough so that William led an expedition against the French Vexin in July 1087.

William left Normandy to Robert, and the custody of England was given to William's second surviving son, also called William, on the assumption that he would become king.

Rebellions continued, and William's son William Rufus decided to partition Northumbria.

William's mother showed little personal interest in her son, sometimes being absent for years, and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society.

In June, James's wife, Mary of Modena, bore a son ( James Francis Edward Stuart ), who displaced William's wife to become first in the line of succession.

After King William's death in 1087 Edgar supported William's eldest son Robert Curthose, who succeeded him as Duke of Normandy, against his second son, William Rufus, who received the throne of England as William II.

It was in November 1555, shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son, Philip II of Spain that the gout-afflicted Emperor leaned on William's shoulder during his abdication ceremony.

William's eldest surviving son, Aymer ( c. 1265 – 1324 ), succeeded to his father's estates, but was not formally recognized as Earl of Pembroke until after the death of his mother Joan in 1307.

William's son Noel Van Horn is also a Disney comics artist, focusing on Mickey Mouse-stories.

The hostility to Agnes, it must be admitted, may be exaggerated by the chronicler William of Tyre, whom she prevented from becoming Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem decades later, as well as from William's continuators like Ernoul, who hints at a slight on her moral character: " car telle n ' est que roine doie iestre di si haute cite comme de Jherusalem " (" there should not be such a queen for so holy a city as Jerusalem ").

On his return to Naples, Nelson was greeted with a triumphal procession led by King Ferdinand IV and Sir William Hamilton and was introduced for only the third time to Sir William's wife Emma, Lady Hamilton, who fainted violently at the meeting, and apparently took several weeks to recover from her injuries.

Peter W. Edbury, on the other hand, argues that William, as well as the thirteenth-century authors who continued William's chronicle in French and were allied to Raymond's supporters in the Ibelin family, cannot be considered impartial.

Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, and did not give her the money she had inherited in William's will.

Robert, William's father, became Duke of Normandy on 6 August 1027, in succession to his elder brother Richard III, who had only succeeded to the title the previous year.

William's next efforts were against Guy of Burgundy, who retreated to his castle at Brionne, which William besieged.

The second, which included some who became William's firm supporters, such as Robert, Count of Eu, Walter Giffard, Roger of Mortemer, and William de Warenne, faced the other invading force.

He also relied on the clergy for advice, including Lanfranc, a non-Norman who rose to become one of William's prominent ecclesiastical advisors in the late 1040s and remained so throughout the 1050s and 1060s.

Another earl, Waltheof, although one of William's favourites, was also involved, and there were some Breton lords who were ready to rebel in support of Ralph and Roger's efforts.

Disorder followed William's death ; everyone who had been at his deathbed left the body at Rouen and hurried off to attend to their own affairs.

Moreover, William's brother Henry, who was among the hunting party that day, benefited directly from William's death, shortly thereafter being crowned king.

William's list of professors " gives us almost a who's who of the grammarians, philosophers, theologians, and law teachers of the so-called Twelfth-Century Renaissance ", and shows that he was as well-educated as any European cleric.

For events that happened in William's own lifetime, he interviewed older people who had witnessed the events about which he was writing, and drew on his own memory.

Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the earldom of Hereford was given to William fitzOsbern of Breteuil, Normandy, one of King William's closest allies, who was responsible for defending the area against the Welsh.

He was taught French by Samuel Chappuzeau ( who was dismissed by William's grandmother after the death of his mother ).

However, scholarly analysis in the 20th century concluded it was probably commissioned by William's half-brother, Bishop Odo who, after the Conquest, became Earl of Kent and, when William was absent in Normandy, de facto regent of England.

William of Poitiers claimed that the battle was won mainly through William's efforts, but earlier accounts claim that King Henry's men and leadership also played an important part.

These captures secured William's rear areas and also his line of retreat to Normandy, if that was needed.

He was opposed to King William's power on the continent, thus the Battle of Cassel not only lost the king an important supporter, but also upset the continental balance of power in northern France.

Orderic also related that Odo had attempted to persuade some of William's vassals to join Odo on an invasion of southern Italy.

This is also the effective beginning of King William's War, the first of four North American Wars until 1763 between English and French colonists, both sides allied to Native American tribes.

William's claims of impartiality are also a typical topos in ancient and medieval historical writing.

* William Marshal also appears as a supporting character in Thomas B. Costain's out of print novel Below the Salt, and Sharon Kay Penman's novels Time and Chance and Devil's Brood, as well as a minor appearance in Penman's When Christ and His Saints Slept, illustrating the story about young William's time as King Stephen's hostage and John Marshal's defiance.

William's position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, as the Highlands were fortified following the failed Jacobite revolt.

Lord Byron's son and heir ( also named William ) eloped with Juliana Byron, the daughter of William's brother John Byron.

Theobald was also present when Henry of Anjou met with Stephen's second son William, probably after Eustace's death, to settle William's lands and status after Henry succeeded Stephen.

Calixtus had also consecrated Thurstan when both King Henry and William's predecessor had attempted to prevent Thurstan's consecration unless Thurstan submitted to Canterbury.

William's younger brother, Philip, also accompanied the king to Ireland, and remained with the garrison at Wexford.

William's eldest daughter Matilda ( also called Maud ) married a prominent Welsh prince, Gruffydd ap Rhys II of Deheubarth.

Stark also noticed an additional gap in the defense line and ordered Lieutenant Nathaniel Hutchins from his brother William's company and others to follow him down a bank to the edge of the Mystic River.

The War of the Grand Alliance also played out in North America, where it was called King William's War.

She also treated the young Princess Victoria of Kent ( William's heir presumptive and later Queen Victoria ) with kindness, despite her own inability to produce an heir and the open hostility between William and Victoria's mother, the Dowager Duchess of Kent.

William's position was also undermined by own officials, notably Essad Pasha himself, who accepted money from Italy to finance a revolt and to stage a coup against William.

The Nine Years ' War was fought primarily on mainland Europe and its surrounding waters, but it also encompassed a theatre in Ireland and in Scotland, where William III and James II struggled for control of the British Isles, and a campaign ( King William's War ) between French and English settlers and their Indian allies in colonial North America.

William's grandfather William I Canynges ( d. 1396 ) was also a great Bristol merchant and was also 5 times Mayor of Bristol and 3 times MP for Bristol, in 1383, 1384 and 1386.

After the revolution, Cavendish was a leading Whig, serving as William's Lord Steward, and was created the Duke of Devonshire ( 1694 ) and also Marquess of Hartington in recognition for his services.