** William of Ockham ( Church of England )

At about the same time, the nominalist philosopher William of Ockham argued, in Book I of his Summa Totius Logicae ( Treatise on all Logic, written some time before 1327 ), that Categories are not a form of Being in their own right, but derivative on the existence of individuals.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

If Wycliffe was in philosophy the superior of his contemporaries and had no equal in scholastic discipline, he belongs with the series of great scholastic philosophers and theologians in which England in the Middle Ages was so rich – with Alexander of Hales, Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham ( Occam ), and Thomas Bradwardine.

* 1328 – William of Ockham, Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.

* William of Ockham, the Medieval philosopher

It is named after William of Ockham of Occam's Razor fame.

Nominalism has been endorsed or defended by many, including William of Ockham, Peter Abelard, D. C. Williams ( 1953 ), David Lewis ( 1983 ), and arguably H. H. Price ( 1953 ) and W. V. O. Quine ( 1961 ).

Both these opinions were denied by Scotus ' pupil William of Ockham.

It can be found in the work of Peter Abelard and reached its flowering in William of Ockham, who was the most influential and thorough nominalist.

He engaged in long theological debates with other noted figures of the age, such as William of Ockham and Meister Eckhart.

Prior thinkers, particularly nominalist William of Ockham in the early 14th century, had begun the intellectual movement toward empiricism.

William of Ockham – Sketch labelled " frater Occham iste ", from a manuscript of Ockham's Summa Logicae, 1341

William of Ockham (; also Occam, Hockham, or several other spellings ; c. 1288 – c. 1348 ) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.

Although he is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, William of Ockham also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology.

William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at an early age.

William of Ockham was among these scholarly commentators.

William of Ockham believed " only faith gives us access to theological truths.

The standard edition of his philosophical and theological works is William of Ockham: Opera philosophica et theologica, Gedeon Gál, et al., eds.

For his political works, all but the Dialogus have been edited in William of Ockham, H. S. Offler, et al., eds.

* William of Ockham biography at University of St Andrews, Scotland

* Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: William of Ockham

* The Nominalist Ontology of William of Ockham, with an annotated bibliography

Just as important was the influence of the 19th century English designer William Morris, who had argued that art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function.

Critic William Kuhn argued that much of his fiction can be read as " the memoirs he never wrote ", revealing the inner life of a politician for whom the norms of Victorian public life appeared to represent a social straitjacket – particularly with regard to his allegedly " ambiguous sexuality.

Speleologist William Halliday argued in 1983 that the story arose from an incident in which hikers from a nearby camp had thrown rocks into the canyon.

However, a similar resolution was defeated by thirty-three votes in the House of Commons on December 15, 1927 when the MPs William Joynson-Hicks and Rosslyn Mitchell " reached and inflamed all the latent Protestant prejudices in the House " and argued strongly against it on the grounds that the proposed book was " papistical " and was a restoration of the Roman Mass and implied the doctrine of Transubstantiation.

William Lycan, for example, argued in his book Consciousness and Experience that at least eight clearly distinct types of consciousness can be identified ( organism consciousness ; control consciousness ; consciousness of ; state / event consciousness ; reportability ; introspective consciousness ; subjective consciousness ; self-consciousness )— and that even this list omits several more obscure forms.

William Paley famously argued, in his 1802 watchmaker analogy, that complexity in nature implies a God for the same reason that the existence of a watch implies the existence of a watchmaker.

William Dusinberre has argued that Polk's diary, which he kept during his presidency, was written for later publication, and does not represent Polk's policy.

William Everdell, for example, has argued that modernism began in the 1870s, when metaphorical ( or ontological ) continuity began to yield to the discrete with mathematician Richard Dedekind's ( 1831 – 1916 ) Dedekind cut, and Ludwig Boltzmann's ( 1844 – 1906 ) statistical thermodynamics.

He argued that the child was given the name William Hughes, who became an actor under the stage-name " William Shakespeare ".

Joseph Sobran, in Alias Shakespeare, argued that in 1607 William Barksted, a minor poet and playwright, implies in his poem " Mirrha the Mother of Adonis " that Shakespeare was already deceased.

William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate for the Democrats, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes.

The Normans argued that the count, as the eldest grandson of William the Conqueror, had the most valid claim over the kingdom and the duchy, and was certainly preferable to Matilda.

Some Levellers, like Lilburne, argued that the English Common law, particularly Magna Carta, were the foundation of English rights and liberties, but others, like William Walwyn, compared Magna Carta to a ' mess of potage '.

ABC then aired a live debate, hosted by Nightlines Ted Koppel, featuring scientist Carl Sagan, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Elie Wiesel, former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, General Brent Scowcroft and conservative writer William F. Buckley, Jr .. Sagan argued against nuclear proliferation, while Buckley promoted the concept of nuclear deterrence.

He also argued that if the “ average happiness enjoyed remains undiminished, Utilitarianism directs us to make the number enjoying it as great as possible .” This was also the view taken earlier by William Paley.

This was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning ( Chancellor 1878 – 1895 ) who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners.

William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him, and that Harold had sworn to support William's claim.

Analyst William D. Cohan argued that it was " obscene " how Wall Street reaped " massive profits and bonuses in 2009 " after being saved by " trillions of dollars of American taxpayers ' treasure " despite Wall Street's " greed and irresponsible risk-taking.

According to his account, shortly before the Battle of Hastings, Harold sent William an envoy who admitted that Edward had promised the throne to William but argued that this was overridden by his deathbed promise to Harold.

In reply, William did not dispute the deathbed promise, but argued that Edward's prior promise to him took precedence.

" In dissent, Justice William Brennan argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of constitutional rights: