Gerhard Gentzen, Dag Prawitz and Michael Dummett are generally seen as the founders of this approach ; it is heavily influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy, especially his aphorism " meaning is use ".

Gilbert Ryle ( 19 August 1900, Brighton – 6 October 1976, Oxford ), was a British philosopher, a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers who shared Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems, and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase " the ghost in the machine.

He argued that modern philosophies legitimized their truth-claims not ( as they themselves claimed ) on logical or empirical grounds, but rather on the grounds of accepted stories ( or " metanarratives ") about knowledge and the world — comparing these with Wittgenstein's concept of language-games.

The final proposition of the Tractatus gives Wittgenstein's dictum for these circumstances: " What we cannot speak of, we must pass over in silence ".

In these early exchanges and in the parallel debate over the proper understanding of Wittgenstein's remarks on rule-following, some of McDowell's characteristic intellectual stances were formed: to borrow a Wittgensteinian expression, the defence of a realism without empiricism, an emphasis on the human limits of our aspiration to objectivity, the idea that meaning and mind can be directly manifested in the action, particularly linguistic action, of other people, and a distinctive disjunctive theory of perceptual experience.

More importantly Wittgenstein's orientation toward language games ( and away from semantics ) emboldened these epistemologists to manage rather than to expurgate prima facie logical inconsistency.

In contrast, Wittgenstein's book treats philosophy as an activity, rather along the lines of Socrates's famous method of maieutics ; he has the reader work through various problems, participating actively in the investigation.

Instead, Wittgenstein's larger goal is to try to divert us from our philosophical problems long enough to become aware of our intuitive ability to see the family resemblances.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's " word games " closely parallel the warning that intellectual speculation is a red herring to understanding, as found in the Buddhist Parable of the Poison Arrow.

This argument can be seen as directly related to Wittgenstein's Theory of Language, drawing a parallel between Postmodernism and late Logical Positivism that is united in critique of foundationalism.

Wittgenstein's influence is also evident in certain formulations of the verification principle.

" This interpretation was first labeled, " Wittgensteinian Fideism ," by Kai Nielsen but those who consider themselves Wittgensteinians in the Swansea tradition have relentlessly and repeatedly rejected this construal as caricature of Wittgenstein's considered position ; this is especially true of D. Z. Phillips.

Wittgenstein's point is not that it is impossible to define " game ", but that we don't have a definition, and we don't need one, because even without the definition, we use the word successfully.

It is this emphasis on becoming attentive to the social backdrop against which language is rendered intelligible that explains Wittgenstein's elliptical comment that " If a lion could talk, we could not understand him.

Wittgenstein's explanation is tied up with an important analogy.

A good first approximation of Wittgenstein's point is that meaning is a social event ; meaning happens between language users.

Part of Wittgenstein's credo is captured in the following proclamation: " An ' inner process ' stands in need of outward criteria.

The concept of tautology is thus central to Wittgenstein's Tractarian account of logical consequence, which is strictly deductive.

Wittgenstein's N-operator is however an infinitary analogue of the Sheffer stroke, which applied to a set of propositions produces a proposition that is equivalent to the denial of every member of that set.

Wittgenstein's conclusion in Proposition 7 echoes the Old Testament words of Jesus ben Sirach ( ישוע בן סירא, Yešwaʿ ven Siraʾ ): What is too sublime for you, do not seek ; do not reach into things that are hidden from you.

According to Wittgenstein's logical-atomistic metaphysical system, objects each have a " nature ," which is their capacity to combine with other objects.

Wittgenstein's famous thesis states that meaning is determined by use.

This criticism is often said to have originated primarily with Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.

Wittgenstein's argument says there's no such thing as a language that is both meaningful and understandable by one person but which is impossible for any other person to understand.

Wittgenstein's portion is told from the first person as a diary of his assassinations and subsequent downfall ; the detective's portion is told in a more traditional third-person perspective.

They had 11 children — among them Wittgenstein's father.

Berlin's argument was partly grounded in Wittgenstein's later theory of language, which argued that inter-translatability was supervenient on a similarity in forms of life, with the inverse implication that our epistemic access to other cultures entails an ontologically contiguous value-structure.

Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, Dennett and Rey have defended eliminativism about qualia, even when other portions of the mental are accepted.

* Wittgenstein's Beetle ( and other classic thought experiments )

Wittgenstein's basic idea was that there is no general solution to issues other than the custom of the community.

In other words, what gives unity to the variation set ... is not the theme as such, but rather a network of ' family resemblances ', to use Wittgenstein's term, between the different variations.

Berlin saw Hamann as having recognised as the rationalist's Cartesian fallacy the notion that there are " clear and distinct " ideas " which can be contemplated by a kind of inner eye ", without the use of language – a recognition greatly sharpened in the 20th century by Wittgenstein's private language argument.

Wittgenstein's rod is a geometry problem attributed to 20th century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Cornish tries to tie this to Wittgenstein's arguments against the idea of " mental privacy " and in conclusion says " I have attempted to locate the source of the Holocaust in a perversion of early Aryan religious doctrines about the ultimate nature of man ".

Kripke's version of Wittgenstein, although philosophically interesting, has been facetiously called Kripkenstein, with some scholars such as Gordon Baker and Peter Hacker, Colin McGinn, and John McDowell, seeing it as a radical misinterpretation of Wittgenstein's text.

Following Ludwig Wittgenstein's critique of the possibility of absolute and total knowledge Lyotard further argued that the various metanarratives of progress such as positivist science, Marxism, and structuralism were defunct as methods of achieving progress.

The name " contemplative philosophy " was first coined by D. Z. Phillips in Philosophy's Cool Place, which rests on an interpretation of a passage from Wittgenstein's " Culture and Value.

His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well.

As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.

Although Hayek only met Wittgenstein on a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought.

After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials, and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.

Beyond Wittgenstein's Poker: New Light on Popper and Wittgenstein Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2004.

Wittgenstein's influence has been felt in nearly every field of the humanities and social sciences, yet there are widely diverging interpretations of his thought.

According to a family tree prepared in Jerusalem after World War II, Wittgenstein's paternal great-grandfather was Moses Meier, a Jewish land agent who lived with his wife, Brendel Simon, in Bad Laasphe in the Principality of Wittgenstein, Westphalia.

Wittgenstein's mother was Leopoldine Kalmus.

The doctrines included the opposition to all metaphysics, especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions ; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as having no meaning ; a criterion of meaning based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's early work ; the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable by a single standard language of science ; and above all the project of rational reconstruction, in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language.

Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus was a text of great importance for the positivists.

Wittgenstein's Vienna.

Phillips became two of the most prominent philosophers on Wittgenstein's philosophy of religion.

G. E. M. Anscombe translated Wittgenstein's manuscript, and it was first published in 1953.