Although Hayek only met Wittgenstein on a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought.

Wittgenstein's influence is also evident in certain formulations of the verification principle.

While studying mathematics at Cambridge in 1930, Skinner fell under Wittgenstein's influence and " became utterly, uncritically, and almost obsessively devoted to Wittgenstein .".

The clear philosophical influence, however, was Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of language, the moral philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre, and the sociological insights of Clifford Geertz and Peter Berger on the nature of communities.

In contrast, Wittgenstein's book treats philosophy as an activity, rather along the lines of Socrates's famous method of maieutics ; he has the reader work through various problems, participating actively in the investigation.

Kripke's version of Wittgenstein, although philosophically interesting, has been facetiously called Kripkenstein, with some scholars such as Gordon Baker and Peter Hacker, Colin McGinn, and John McDowell, seeing it as a radical misinterpretation of Wittgenstein's text.

Although he denied it, much of Ludwig Wittgenstein's writing on mathematics has a strong affinity with finitism.

The piece is featured prominently in " Morale Victory ," an episode from the 8th season of the long-running American television series M * A * S * H. Major Charles Winchester ( David Ogden Stiers ) uses it and Wittgenstein's story to convince a drafted concert pianist ( James Stephens ), whose right hand has been permanently injured in combat, not to give up his musical gift despite his wounds.

The idea has also been associated with Wittgenstein's dictum that in many cases we can say, the meaning is the use.

Ray Monk, one of Wittgenstein's biographers, concentrates on the inconsistencies in Cornish's theory that Wittgenstein was the head of the Cambridge spy ring, asking why Cornish has apparently not bothered to verify any of his theories by checking the KGB archives.

While he had been reinforcing Ney, he had also concentrated a great mass of artillery ( Grande Batterie ) that unleashed a devastating barrage towards Wittgenstein's center.

Wittgenstein's N-operator is however an infinitary analogue of the Sheffer stroke, which applied to a set of propositions produces a proposition that is equivalent to the denial of every member of that set.

Theoretical concerns, influences and resources used in the development of ethnomethodology include: traditional sociological concerns, especially the Parsonian Parsons, " Problem of Order "; traditional sociological theory and methods, primarily Parsons, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber ; Aron Gurwitsch's phenomenological field theory of consciousness / Gestalt Psychology ; the Transcendental Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ; Alfred Schutz's Phenomenology of the Natural Attitude ; Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of embodiment, Martin Heidegger's phenomenology of being / Existential Phenomenology ; and Ludwig Wittgenstein's investigations regarding ordinary language use ( Heritage: 1986 ; Garfinkel: 2002 ).

It is this emphasis on becoming attentive to the social backdrop against which language is rendered intelligible that explains Wittgenstein's elliptical comment that " If a lion could talk, we could not understand him.

A good first approximation of Wittgenstein's point is that meaning is a social event ; meaning happens between language users.

Ethnomethodology is not Durkheimian, although it shares some of the interests of Durkheim ; it is not a form of phenomenology, although it borrows from Husserl and Schutz's studies of the Lifeworld ; it is not a form of Gestalt theory, although it describes social orders as having Gestalt-like properties ; and, it is not a version of Wittgenstein's Ordinary Language Analysis, although it makes use of Wittgenstein's understanding of rule-use, etc.

Stephen E. Toulmin and Charles Arthur Willard have championed the idea of argument fields, the former drawing upon Ludwig Wittgenstein's notion of language games, ( Sprachspiel ) the latter drawing from communication and argumentation theory, sociology, political science, and social epistemology.

Winch is perhaps most famous for his early book, The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy ( 1958 ), an attack on positivism in the social sciences, drawing on the work of R. G. Collingwood and Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy.

Carnap now emphasizes the idea that progress in science depends on the gradual accumulation of many small results that support our understanding of the world, a view more in line with Wittgenstein's later philosophy and biological sciences.

Berlin saw Hamann as having recognised as the rationalist's Cartesian fallacy the notion that there are " clear and distinct " ideas " which can be contemplated by a kind of inner eye ", without the use of language – a recognition greatly sharpened in the 20th century by Wittgenstein's private language argument.

Wittgenstein's basic idea was that there is no general solution to issues other than the custom of the community.

Wittgenstein and Hitler both attended the Linz Realschule, a state school of about 300 students, and were there at the same time from 1903 to 1904, according to Wittgenstein's biographers.

Cornish sees this as Wittgenstein's generalisation of Schopenhauer's account of the Unity of the Will, in which despite appearances, there is only a single Will acting through the bodies of all creatures.

The 4s are significant as they contain some of Wittgenstein's most explicit statements concerning the nature of philosophy and the distinction between what can be said and what can only be shown.

Wittgenstein's conclusion in Proposition 7 echoes the Old Testament words of Jesus ben Sirach ( ישוע בן סירא, Yešwaʿ ven Siraʾ ): What is too sublime for you, do not seek ; do not reach into things that are hidden from you.

Wittgenstein's work makes the omnipotence paradox a problem in semantics, the study of how symbols are given meaning.

Many of the pieces Wittgenstein commissioned are still frequently performed today by two-armed pianists ; in particular, the Austrian pianist Friedrich Wührer, claiming the composer's sanction but apparently over Wittgenstein's objections, created two-hand arrangements of Franz Schmidt's Wittgenstein-inspired left-hand works.

Another example of ontological pluralism can be found in Ludwig Wittgenstein's notion of language-games ; the idea that different mutually agreed rule systems, and in the case of ontological matters, ontological rule systems, are adopted in conversation and communication for a purpose which delineates the rules, constituting the language-game's meaning.

Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, Dennett and Rey have defended eliminativism about qualia, even when other portions of the mental are accepted.

Gerhard Gentzen, Dag Prawitz and Michael Dummett are generally seen as the founders of this approach ; it is heavily influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy, especially his aphorism " meaning is use ".

Other sections of the book deal with Cornish's theories about what he claims are the common roots of Wittgenstein's and Hitler's philosophies in mysticism, magic, and the " no-ownership " theory of mind.

Cornish also suggests that Hitler's oratorical powers in addressing the group mind of crowds and Wittgenstein's philosophy of language and denial of mental privacy, are the practical and theoretical consequences of this doctrine.

* Wittgenstein's Beetle-description of the thought experiment from Philosophy Online.

However, Wittgenstein's deep admiration of Weininger's thought was coupled with a fundamental disagreement with his position.

* Wittgenstein's Beetle ( and other classic thought experiments )

Wittgenstein's thought transitioned from a word as representation of meaning to " the meaning of a word is its use in the language.

She was one of a select group of students to whom Wittgenstein dictated the so-called Blue and Brown Books, which outline the transition in Wittgenstein's thought between his two major works, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations.

# Cornish misrepresents Wittgenstein's thought and his philosophical context, or simply does not understand him.

It is exactly this sort of sloppy, irresponsible, ' plausible ' style of thought that Wittgenstein's philosophy, by its careful attention to the particular and to not saying more or less than is warranted, is directed against.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's " word games " closely parallel the warning that intellectual speculation is a red herring to understanding, as found in the Buddhist Parable of the Poison Arrow.

This argument can be seen as directly related to Wittgenstein's Theory of Language, drawing a parallel between Postmodernism and late Logical Positivism that is united in critique of foundationalism.

His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well.

As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.

After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials, and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.

Beyond Wittgenstein's Poker: New Light on Popper and Wittgenstein Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2004.

According to a family tree prepared in Jerusalem after World War II, Wittgenstein's paternal great-grandfather was Moses Meier, a Jewish land agent who lived with his wife, Brendel Simon, in Bad Laasphe in the Principality of Wittgenstein, Westphalia.

They had 11 children — among them Wittgenstein's father.

Wittgenstein's mother was Leopoldine Kalmus.

The doctrines included the opposition to all metaphysics, especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions ; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as having no meaning ; a criterion of meaning based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's early work ; the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable by a single standard language of science ; and above all the project of rational reconstruction, in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language.

Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus was a text of great importance for the positivists.

Wittgenstein's Vienna.

The name " contemplative philosophy " was first coined by D. Z. Phillips in Philosophy's Cool Place, which rests on an interpretation of a passage from Wittgenstein's " Culture and Value.

" This interpretation was first labeled, " Wittgensteinian Fideism ," by Kai Nielsen but those who consider themselves Wittgensteinians in the Swansea tradition have relentlessly and repeatedly rejected this construal as caricature of Wittgenstein's considered position ; this is especially true of D. Z. Phillips.

Phillips became two of the most prominent philosophers on Wittgenstein's philosophy of religion.

He argued that modern philosophies legitimized their truth-claims not ( as they themselves claimed ) on logical or empirical grounds, but rather on the grounds of accepted stories ( or " metanarratives ") about knowledge and the world — comparing these with Wittgenstein's concept of language-games.

G. E. M. Anscombe translated Wittgenstein's manuscript, and it was first published in 1953.