The existence of super-massive black holes at the cores of galaxies was confirmed through X-ray astronomy.

For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from the Earth, and has reached its current importance in astronomy only due to orbiting X-ray telescopes such as the Chandra observatory and the XMM-Newton observatory.

* X-ray astronomy satellites

An X-ray astronomy instrument was carried aboard a Thor missile launched from Johnston Atoll on September 24, 1970, at 12: 54 UTC and altitudes above 300 km, to search for the Small Magellanic Cloud and to extend previous observations of the LMC.

X-ray astronomy is part of space science.

Based on discoveries in this new field of X-ray astronomy, starting with Scorpius X-1, Riccardo Giacconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002.

X-ray astronomy satellites study X-ray emissions from celestial objects.

Satellites, which can detect and transmit data about the X-ray emissions are deployed as part of branch of space science known as X-ray astronomy.

The first X-ray telescope in astronomy is used to observe the Sun.

The utilization of X-ray mirrors for extrasolar X-ray astronomy simultaneously requires:

X-ray astronomy detectors have been designed and configured primarily for energy and occasionally for wavelength detection using a variety of techniques usually limited to the technology of the time.

With respect to celestial X-ray sources, X-ray astrophysics tends to focus on the physical reason for X-ray brightness, whereas X-ray astronomy tends to focus on their classification, order of discovery, variability, resolvability, and their relationship with nearby sources in other constellations.

( The P-20 input is of interest because it corresponds roughly to the light emission of conventional X-ray fluorescent screens ).

In X-ray notation, the principal quantum number is given a letter associated with it.

The observations show that the cloud is asymmetrical and matches the pattern of X-ray binaries ( binary star systems containing black holes or neutron stars ), mostly on one side of the galactic center.

* The Small-angle X-ray scattering intensity of a nanostructured system is the Fourier transform of the spatial autocorrelation function of the electron density.

* Autocorrelation in space rather than time, via the Patterson function, is used by X-ray diffractionists to help recover the " Fourier phase information " on atom positions not available through diffraction alone.

* In Astrophysics, auto-correlation is used to study and characterize the spatial distribution of galaxies in the Universe and in multi-wavelength observations of Low Mass X-ray Binaries.

Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

As a metal, beryllium is transparent to most wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays, making it useful for the output windows of X-ray tubes and other such apparatus.

For example in the case of anthrax, it is likely that by 24 – 36 hours after an attack, some small percentage of individuals ( those with compromised immune system or who had received a large dose of the organism due to proximity to the release point ) will become ill with classical symptoms and signs ( including a virtually unique chest X-ray finding, often recognized by public health officials if they receive timely reports ).

* Calcium tungstate ( CaWO < sub > 4 </ sub >) is used in luminous paints, fluorescent lights and in X-ray studies.

As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product.

This is most obvious in the " far " ( or " extreme ") ultraviolet, and also X-ray and gamma radiation, are referred to as ionizing radiation due to the ability of photons of this radiation to produce ions and free radicals in materials ( including living tissue ).

The lost energy is converted into alternative forms such as heat, emission of low-energy secondary electrons and high-energy backscattered electrons, light emission ( cathodoluminescence ) or X-ray emission, which provide signals carrying information about the properties of the specimen surface, such as its topography and composition.

An example of modern paleontological progress is the application of synchrotron X-ray tomographic techniques to early Cambrian bilaterian embryonic microfossils that has recently yielded new insights of metazoan evolution at its earliest stages.

It is a matter of debate whether Watson and Crick should have had access to Franklin's results without her knowledge or permission, and before she had a chance to formally publish the results of her detailed analysis of her X-ray diffraction data which were included in the progress report.

In a typical cluster perhaps only 5 % of the total mass is in the form of galaxies, maybe 10 % in the form of hot X-ray emitting gas and the remainder is dark matter.

This type of display is normally used for measuring gamma or X-ray dose rates and requires the use of an " energy compensated " GM tube, so that the absorbed dose displayed relates to the count events.

Ionization is due to soft X-ray ( 1-10 nm ) and far ultraviolet ( UV ) solar radiation ionization of molecular oxygen ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >).

Because of their small size and the difficulty of crystallizing integral membrane proteins for X-ray analysis, it is only very recently that scientists have been able to directly examine what channels " look like.

Nominal X-ray energy is usually limited to 5 MeV ; the USA has provisions for up to 7. 5 MeV, which increases conversion efficiency.

* 1896 – An X-ray generating machine is exhibited for the first time by H. L.

A chest CT-scan showing a thymoma ( red circle ) A chest X-ray is frequently performed ; it may point towards alternative diagnoses ( e. g. Lambert-Eaton syndrome due to a lung tumor ) and comorbidity.

Like theoretical astrophysics, theoretical X-ray astronomy uses a wide variety of tools which include analytical models to approximate the behavior of a possible X-ray source and computational numerical simulations to approximate the observational data.

The soft X-ray sigmoid ( an S-shaped intensity of soft X-rays ) is an observational manifestation of the connection between coronal structure and CME production.

The observational scope of XMM Newton includes the detection of X-ray emissions from Solar System objects, detailed studies of star-forming regions, investigation of the formation and evolution of galaxy clusters, the environment of supermassive black holes and the mapping of the mysterious " dark matter ".

In June 2006, the astronomer John Middleditch and his team at LANL announced the first prediction of pulsar glitches with observational data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer.

Results of the experiment included a catalog of the positions and intensities of hard X-ray ( 10 — 200 keV ) sources, a strong observational basis for extremely strong magnetic fields ( of order 10 < sup > 13 </ sup > G ) on the rotating neutron stars associated with Her X-1 and 4U 0115 + 634, a definitive diffuse

Theoretical X-ray astronomy is a branch of theoretical astronomy that deals with the theoretical astrophysics and theoretical astrochemistry of X-ray generation, emission, and detection as applied to astronomical objects.

The 1941 report ends: " The X-ray branch had as a guest Professor Rose C. L. Mooney of Newcomb College, who was prevented by the war from carrying on research in Europe under a Guggenheim Fellowship ... As the year ends, the National Defense effort is beginning to claim the services of a number of staff members.