Larissa was indeed the birthplace of Meno, who thus became, along with Xenophon and a few others, one of the generals leading several thousands Greeks from various places, in the ill-fated expedition of 401 ( retold in Xenophon's Anabasis ) meant to help Cyrus the Younger, son of Darius II, king of Persia, overthrow his elder brother Artaxerxes II and take over the throne of Persia ( Meno is featured in Plato's dialogue bearing his name, in which Socrates uses the example of " the way to Larissa " to help explain Meno the difference between true opinion and science ( Meno, 97a – c ) ; this " way to Larissa " might well be on the part of Socrates an attempt to call to Meno's mind a " way home ", understood as the way toward one's true and " eternal " home reached only at death, that each man is supposed to seek in his life ).

Xenophon's book Anabasis (" The Expedition " or " The March Up Country ") is his record of the entire expedition against the Persians and the journey home.

Xenophon's writings, especially the Anabasis, are often read by beginning students of the Greek language.

" Irony and the Narrator in Xenophon's Anabasis ", in Xenophon.

The Ten Thousand: A Study in Social Organization and Action in Xenophon's " Anabasis ".

The Ten Thousand in Thrace: An Archaeological and Historical Commenary on Xenophon's Anabasis, Books VI, iii – vi – VIII ( Amsterdam Classical Monographs ; 2 ).

When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two Greek words from Xenophon's Anabasis.

This book is traditionally the first authentic text assigned to students of Latin, as Xenophon's Anabasis is for students of Ancient Greek ; they are both autobiographical tales of military adventure told in the third person.

Xenophon's account in the Anabasis gives information on the Achaemenid Empire of his time.

Having originally no specific name, the region east of the river Halys was spoken of as the country εν Πόντοι en Pontôi, " on the Pontos ", and hence acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in Xenophon's Anabasis.

Full text of Xenophon's Anabasis online:

In his Anabasis, Xenophon's accounts of the Persians and other non-Greeks he knew or encountered hardly seem to be under the sway of these stereotypes at all.

The name is a variant of Calchedon (), found on all the coins of Chalcedon as well as in manuscripts of Herodotus's Histories, Xenophon's Hellenica, Arrian's Anabasis, and other works.

Andre Norton's 1955 science fiction novel Star Guard appears to have been the first speculative fiction transliteration of the Anabasis theme, in which a body of human mercenaries hired out of a future Terra to fight in a dynastic war among autochthons on a distant planet are betrayed in much the same way as were the Hellenic mercenaries of Xenophon's account, and left leaderless to negotiate and battle their way across hostile country to safety.

* Xenophon's Anabasis, Seven Books, by William Harper & James Wallace, American Book Co. 1893, English with the books in Greek

An example of how the aorist tense contrasts with the imperfect in describing the past occurs in Xenophon's Anabasis, when the Persian aristocrat Orontas is executed: " and those who had been previously in the habit of bowing ( προσεκύνουν prosekúnoun, imperfect ) to him, bowed ( προσεκύνησαν prosekúnēsan, aorist ) to him even then.

** A commonly used title for Xenophon's work, The Anabasis

Prospective students also were required to demonstrate an ability to translate four books of Caesar's Gallic Wars, six books of Virgil's Aeneid, Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader, and at least one of Xenophon's Anabasis.

* edition Xenophon's Anabasis ( 1831 )

Early literature such as Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Xenophon's Anabasis, both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality to the account, which included justifications of the author's actions.

Another difference is that in Xenophon's Apology Socrates ' " divine sign " ( daimonion ) is described as giving positive indications as to what should be done ( 12 ), while Plato's Socrates consistently and explicitly describes the sign as " turn me away from something I am about to do " but " never encourag me to do anything ".

Though he spent much of his life in Athens, Xenophon's involvement in Spartan politics ( he was a close associate of King Agesilaus II ) has led to him being closely associated with the city.

Xenophon's men made their way back to Greece, with most of the men enlisting with the Spartan Army.

The cry of Xenophon's soldiers when they meet the sea is mentioned by the narrator of Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth, when their expedition discovers an underground ocean.

The cry of Xenophon's soldiers is also mentioned by Buck Mulligan in James Joyce's novel Ulysses, " Ah, Dedalus, the Greeks!

Here, according to an allegorical parable, " The Choice of Heracles ", invented by the sophist Prodicus ( c. 400 BC ) and reported in Xenophon's Memorabilia 2. 1. 21-34, he was visited by two nymphs — Pleasure and Virtue — who offered him a choice between a pleasant and easy life or a severe but glorious life: he chose the latter.

The final " chapter " of Xenophon's Memorabilia contains some of the same material – some of it almost word for word – as the beginning sections of his Apology.

Xenophon's birth date is uncertain, but most scholars agree that he was born around 431 BC near the city of Athens.

In the spring of 401 BC, Cyrus united all his forces into an army now including Xenophon's " Ten Thousand ", and advanced from Sardis, without announcing the object of his expedition.

According to the British classical scholar Sir Kenneth Dover, this was a clear allusion to the Sacred Band, reflecting Xenophon's contemporary awareness of the Theban practice, albeit anachronistic as the dramatic date of the work itself is c. 421 BC.

Dismissing completely 17th to 19th century ideas of a Canaanite, Assyrian, Indian or Macedonian origin, Nefiodkin also challenges Xenophon's attribution of scythed chariots to the first Persian king Cyrus, pointing to their notable absence in the invasion of Greece ( 480 − 479 BC ) by one of his successors, Xerxes I.

The most famous symposium of all, described in Plato's dialogue of that name ( and rather differently in Xenophon's ) was hosted by the poet Agathon on the occasion of his first victory at the theater contest of the 416 BC Dionysia.

421 BC is the dramatic date of Xenophon's Symposium.

Scholars lean towards a relatively late date in Xenophon's life for the composition of the Oeconomicus, perhaps after 362 BC.

However, because his son Gryllus fought and died for Athens at the Battle of Mantinea while Xenophon was still alive, Xenophon's banishment may have been revoked.

Xenophon's Memorabilia poses the argument that all animals are " only produced and nourished for the sake of humans ".

* Leo Strauss ' Seminar Transcripts on Xenophon ( 1962, 1966 ); and an audio recording of the entire course on Xenophon's Oeconomicus ( 1969 ) are available for reading, listening or download.

The early sophists ' practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay led to the condemnations made by Socrates, through Plato in his Dialogues, as well as Xenophon's Memorabilia.

Aristophanes, in The Clouds, deals more indulgently with him than with Socrates ; and Xenophon's Socrates, for the purpose of combating the voluptuousness of Aristippus, borrows from the book of " the wise Prodicus " the story of the choice of Hercules.

Theramenes ' reputation has undergone a dramatic shift since the 19th century, when Xenophon's and Lysias ' unfavorable accounts were widely accepted, and Theramenes was execrated as a turncoat and blamed for instigating the execution of the generals after Arginusae.

The discovery of Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians in 1890 reversed this trend for the broad assessment of Theramenes ' character, and Diodorus ' account of the Arginusae trial has been preferred by scholars since Antony Andrewes undermined Xenophon's account in the 1970s ; Diodorus ' more melodramatic passages, such as his elaborate presentation of Theramenes ' last moments, are still discounted, but he is now preferred on a number of issues, and on the Arginusae trial in particular.

It seems that Xenophon's portrayal of her in his Symposium has been the most influential: Diogenes Laërtius, for example, seems to quote the Symposium passage, though he does not mention Xenophon by name, and the term " Xanthippe " has now come to mean any nagging scolding person, especially a shrewish wife.

The operational concept for the novel was based on Xenophon's account of the Ten Thousand.

* Xenophon's Retreat by Robin Waterfield, is an accessible companion for anyone needing to be filled in on the historical, military and political background.

His earliest work, entitled Reloj de principes, published at Valladolid in 1529, and, according to its author, the fruit of eleven years ' labour, is a didactic novel, designed, after the manner of Xenophon's Cyropaedia, to delineate in a somewhat ideal way, for the benefit of modern sovereigns, the life and character of an ancient prince, Marcus Aurelius, distinguished for wisdom and virtue.

Xenophon's Socrates in his Symposium disapprovingly mentions the practice of placing lovers beside each other in battle in the city-states of Thebes and Elis, arguing that while the practice was acceptable to them, it was shameful for Athenians ( both Plato and Xenophon were Athenians ).

The historian Gordon S. Shrimpton further provides an explanation for Xenophon's silence on much of Theban history.

One contemporary criticism of Plato's Apology is perhaps implied by the opening paragraphs of Xenophon's Apology, assuming that the former antedated the latter ; Xenophon remarks that previous writers had failed to make clear the reason for Socrates ' boastful talk ( megalēgoria ) in the face of the death penalty.

Many of the dialogues seem to use Socrates as a device for Plato's thought, and inconsistencies occasionally crop up between Plato and the other accounts of Socrates ; for instance, Plato has Socrates constantly denying that he would ever accept money for teaching, while Xenophon's Symposium clearly has Socrates stating that he is paid by students to teach wisdom and this is what he does for a living.

Greek art along with Xenophon's further commentary suggests that the sword he intended for the cavalry was wider than the more modern sabre ; more akin to the falchion or even machete.

His translation of Xenophon's Cyropaedia into Latin cannot be praised for accuracy.