The lengthiest and most famous of Xenophon's Socratic writings, the Memorabilia is essentially an apologia ( defense ) of Socrates, differing from both Xenophon's Apology of Socrates to the Jury and Plato's Apology mainly in that the Apologies present Socrates as defending himself before the jury, whereas the former presents Xenophon's own defense of Socrates, offering edifying examples of Socrates ' conversations and activities along with occasional commentary from Xenophon.

It seems that Xenophon's portrayal of her in his Symposium has been the most influential: Diogenes Laërtius, for example, seems to quote the Symposium passage, though he does not mention Xenophon by name, and the term " Xanthippe " has now come to mean any nagging scolding person, especially a shrewish wife.

And how a kaloskagathos ( gentleman ) should live is also discussed at length in Xenophon's Socratic dialogues, especially the Oeconomicus.

Larissa was indeed the birthplace of Meno, who thus became, along with Xenophon and a few others, one of the generals leading several thousands Greeks from various places, in the ill-fated expedition of 401 ( retold in Xenophon's Anabasis ) meant to help Cyrus the Younger, son of Darius II, king of Persia, overthrow his elder brother Artaxerxes II and take over the throne of Persia ( Meno is featured in Plato's dialogue bearing his name, in which Socrates uses the example of " the way to Larissa " to help explain Meno the difference between true opinion and science ( Meno, 97a – c ) ; this " way to Larissa " might well be on the part of Socrates an attempt to call to Meno's mind a " way home ", understood as the way toward one's true and " eternal " home reached only at death, that each man is supposed to seek in his life ).

Xenophon's Anabasis describes a group of Spartan soldiers in 400 – 399 BC singing to Poseidon a paean — a kind of hymn normally sung for Apollo.

Xenophon's book Anabasis (" The Expedition " or " The March Up Country ") is his record of the entire expedition against the Persians and the journey home.

" Irony and the Narrator in Xenophon's Anabasis ", in Xenophon.

The Ten Thousand: A Study in Social Organization and Action in Xenophon's " Anabasis ".

The Ten Thousand in Thrace: An Archaeological and Historical Commenary on Xenophon's Anabasis, Books VI, iii – vi – VIII ( Amsterdam Classical Monographs ; 2 ).

When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two Greek words from Xenophon's Anabasis.

This book is traditionally the first authentic text assigned to students of Latin, as Xenophon's Anabasis is for students of Ancient Greek ; they are both autobiographical tales of military adventure told in the third person.

Xenophon's account in the Anabasis gives information on the Achaemenid Empire of his time.

Having originally no specific name, the region east of the river Halys was spoken of as the country εν Πόντοι en Pontôi, " on the Pontos ", and hence acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in Xenophon's Anabasis.

Full text of Xenophon's Anabasis online:

In his Anabasis, Xenophon's accounts of the Persians and other non-Greeks he knew or encountered hardly seem to be under the sway of these stereotypes at all.

The name is a variant of Calchedon (), found on all the coins of Chalcedon as well as in manuscripts of Herodotus's Histories, Xenophon's Hellenica, Arrian's Anabasis, and other works.

Andre Norton's 1955 science fiction novel Star Guard appears to have been the first speculative fiction transliteration of the Anabasis theme, in which a body of human mercenaries hired out of a future Terra to fight in a dynastic war among autochthons on a distant planet are betrayed in much the same way as were the Hellenic mercenaries of Xenophon's account, and left leaderless to negotiate and battle their way across hostile country to safety.

* Xenophon's Anabasis, Seven Books, by William Harper & James Wallace, American Book Co. 1893, English with the books in Greek

An example of how the aorist tense contrasts with the imperfect in describing the past occurs in Xenophon's Anabasis, when the Persian aristocrat Orontas is executed: " and those who had been previously in the habit of bowing ( προσεκύνουν prosekúnoun, imperfect ) to him, bowed ( προσεκύνησαν prosekúnēsan, aorist ) to him even then.

** A commonly used title for Xenophon's work, The Anabasis

Prospective students also were required to demonstrate an ability to translate four books of Caesar's Gallic Wars, six books of Virgil's Aeneid, Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader, and at least one of Xenophon's Anabasis.

* edition Xenophon's Anabasis ( 1831 )

Early literature such as Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Xenophon's Anabasis, both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality to the account, which included justifications of the author's actions.

Xenophon's Memorabilia poses the argument that all animals are " only produced and nourished for the sake of humans ".

* Leo Strauss ' Seminar Transcripts on Xenophon ( 1962, 1966 ); and an audio recording of the entire course on Xenophon's Oeconomicus ( 1969 ) are available for reading, listening or download.

The discovery of Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians in 1890 reversed this trend for the broad assessment of Theramenes ' character, and Diodorus ' account of the Arginusae trial has been preferred by scholars since Antony Andrewes undermined Xenophon's account in the 1970s ; Diodorus ' more melodramatic passages, such as his elaborate presentation of Theramenes ' last moments, are still discounted, but he is now preferred on a number of issues, and on the Arginusae trial in particular.

It is only in Xenophon's Symposium where we have Socrates agree that she is ( in Antisthenes ' words ) " the hardest to get along with of all the women there are.

Our main sources concerning this war are Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War and Xenophon's Hellenica.

Most accurately, the term refers to works in which Socrates is a character, though as a genre other texts are included ; Plato's Laws and Xenophon's Hiero are Socratic dialogues in which a wise man other than Socrates leads the discussion ( the Athenian Stranger and Simonides, respectively ).

Likewise, the stylistic format of the dialogues can vary ; Plato's dialogues generally only contain the direct words of each of the speakers, while Xenophon's dialogues are written down as a continuous story, containing, along with the narration of the circumstances of the dialogue, the " quotes " of the speakers.

Holland was extremely productive, but his best known translations are of Pliny the Elder's Natural History ( 1601 ), Plutarch's Moralia ( 1603 ), Suetonius's Lives of the Twelve Caesars ( 1606 ), Xenophon's Cyropaedia, and William Camden's Britannia.

As for being informative historical sources about Socrates, Xenophon's works are regarded by some scholars today as practically worthless, while others like Leo Strauss continue to hold them in high regard.

It is interesting to note that many of Xenophon's suggestions are still applied today when selecting a sport horse.

Here, according to an allegorical parable, " The Choice of Heracles ", invented by the sophist Prodicus ( c. 400 BC ) and reported in Xenophon's Memorabilia 2. 1. 21-34, he was visited by two nymphs — Pleasure and Virtue — who offered him a choice between a pleasant and easy life or a severe but glorious life: he chose the latter.

Xenophon's standing as a political philosopher has been defended in recent times by Leo Strauss, who devoted a considerable part of his philosophic analysis to the works of Xenophon, returning to the high judgment of Xenophon as a thinker expressed by Shaftesbury, Winckelmann, Machiavelli, and John Adams.

The early sophists ' practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay led to the condemnations made by Socrates, through Plato in his Dialogues, as well as Xenophon's Memorabilia.

The cry of Xenophon's soldiers when they meet the sea is mentioned by the narrator of Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth, when their expedition discovers an underground ocean.

The cry of Xenophon's soldiers is also mentioned by Buck Mulligan in James Joyce's novel Ulysses, " Ah, Dedalus, the Greeks!

* Xenophon's Retreat by Robin Waterfield, is an accessible companion for anyone needing to be filled in on the historical, military and political background.

Dismissing completely 17th to 19th century ideas of a Canaanite, Assyrian, Indian or Macedonian origin, Nefiodkin also challenges Xenophon's attribution of scythed chariots to the first Persian king Cyrus, pointing to their notable absence in the invasion of Greece ( 480 − 479 BC ) by one of his successors, Xerxes I.

As a translator she produced Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates, with the Defense of Socrates Before His Judges in 1762, a work by the Ancient Greek writer and soldier Xenophon concerning the philosopher Socrates.

One contemporary criticism of Plato's Apology is perhaps implied by the opening paragraphs of Xenophon's Apology, assuming that the former antedated the latter ; Xenophon remarks that previous writers had failed to make clear the reason for Socrates ' boastful talk ( megalēgoria ) in the face of the death penalty.

Many of the dialogues seem to use Socrates as a device for Plato's thought, and inconsistencies occasionally crop up between Plato and the other accounts of Socrates ; for instance, Plato has Socrates constantly denying that he would ever accept money for teaching, while Xenophon's Symposium clearly has Socrates stating that he is paid by students to teach wisdom and this is what he does for a living.

The most famous symposium of all, described in Plato's dialogue of that name ( and rather differently in Xenophon's ) was hosted by the poet Agathon on the occasion of his first victory at the theater contest of the 416 BC Dionysia.

While Plato's Symposium consists of a series of lengthy speeches in praise of love, Xenophon's is dominated by witty repartee.

Some have taken Xenophon's use of Ischomachus as a supposed expert in the education of a wife as an instance of anachronistic irony, a device used by Plato in his Socratic dialogues.

The assumption that Xenophon was responding to Polycrates point by point may be driven as much by the traditionally low esteem for Xenophon's literary powers as to any historical influence from Polycrates.

The self-control of Xenophon's Socrates is in keeping with his role in inspiring ancient of cynicism, which was traditionally said to be founded by Socrates ' follower Antisthenes.