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Zamenhof and was
Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by Dr. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof, an ophthalmologist of mixed cultural heritage from Bialystok, then part of the Russian Empire.
After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writing original prose and verse, the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw in July 1887.
In Germany, there was additional motivation to persecute Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish.
The constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto was developed in the 1870s and 80s by L. L. Zamenhof, and first published in 1887.
Zamenhof would later say that he had dreamed of a world language since he was a child.
In its first years Esperanto was used mainly in publications by Zamenhof and early adopters like Antoni Grabowski, in extensive correspondence ( mostly now lost ), in the magazine La Esperantisto, published from 1889 to 1895 and only occasionally in personal encounters.
In contrast, Zamenhof declared that " Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists ", and moved to the background once the language was published, allowing others to share in the early development of the language.
Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups.
As a student at secondary school in Warsaw, Zamenhof made attempts to create some kind of international language with a grammar that was very rich, but also very complex.
However, Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work.
For Zamenhof this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way of promoting the peaceful coexistence of different people and cultures.
The complete original Russian text of this manuscript with parallel Esperanto translation was only published in 1982 ( translated by Adolf Holzhaus in L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo, Helsinki, p. 9-36 ).
His family name was originally written Samenhof, in German orthography ; the spelling Zamenhof reflects the romanization of the Yiddish spelling, as well as the Esperanto and Polish spellings.
In 1910, Zamenhof was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament ( including James O ' Grady, Philip Snowden ) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole.
) On the occasion of the 5th Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.
The house of the Zamenhof family, dedicated to Ludwik Zamenhof and the Białystok Esperanto Centre, are sites of the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation.
When Richard H. Geoghegan pointed out that Steinhaus's translation was in very poor English throughout, Zamenhof destroyed his remaining copies and engaged Geoghegan to produce a fresh translation.
In a letter to The British Esperantist in 1911, L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, wrote: " It seems to me, that my attention was drawn to the color green by Mr.
This language was developed from about 1878-1887, and published in that year, by L. L. Zamenhof.
L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, was among the attendees.
Esperanto literature began before the official publication of the constructed language Esperanto ; the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, translated poetry and prose into the language as he was developing it as a test of its completeness and expressiveness, and published several translations and a short original poem as an appendix to the first book on the language, Unua Libro.
Zamenhof purposely created unique letters to have a phonemic script which was not too much like those of existing national languages, but critics have argued that the philosophy of one character – one sound does not justify new characters.

Zamenhof and born
* 1859: Lazar Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, is born in Białystok, Russia ( now Poland ).
Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (; born Leyzer Leyvi Zamengov ;

Zamenhof and on
Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto (" Esperanto " translates as " one who hopes "), the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, on July 26, 1887.
In 1894 under pressure from Wilhelm Trompeter, the publisher of the magazine La Esperantisto, and some other leading users, Zamenhof reluctantly put forward a radical reform to be voted on by readers.
* 1901: Zamenhof publishes his ideas on a universal religion, based on the philosophy of Hillel the Elder.
An image of Zamenhof is designed in a text describing his life, reproduced from the Wikipedia article on Esperanto.
Zamenhof died in Warsaw on April 14, 1917, and is buried in the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery in that city.
Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called Homaranismo ( loosely translated as humanitarianism ), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder.
* Zamenhof, Esperanto's founder ( in English ) on lernu !, an Esperanto study portal
Zamenhof Day ( Zamenhofa Tago in Esperanto ), also called Esperanto Day, is celebrated on 15 December, the birthday of Esperanto creator L. L. Zamenhof .< ref >
Author of Zamenhof: Creator of Esperanto — a biography of L. L. Zamenhof published in 1960 by Routledge & Kegan Paul of London — she also wrote a widely used series of introductory texts on literary studies: The Anatomy of Poetry ( 1953 ), The Anatomy of Prose ( 1954 ), The Anatomy of Drama ( 1960 ), The Anatomy of Language ( 1968 ), The Anatomy of the Novel ( 1975 ) and The Anatomy of Literary Studies ( 1980 ).
At first an adherent of Volapük, de Wahl later became one of the first users of Esperanto and advised Ludwig Zamenhof on some points of grammar and vocabulary of that language.
The group of Warsaw was found by L. L. Zamenhof, who was working on the first grammar of Yiddish ever written, published under the pseudonym " Dr. X " only in 1909, in < em > Lebn un visnshaft </ em >, in the article " Vegn a yidisher gramatik un reform in der yidisher shprakh ".
On the other hand, the word jida " Yiddish ", which was also sometimes criticized on phonotactical grounds but had been used by Zamenhof, is well established.
Like Zamenhof, Grabowski understood the important influence of literature on the development of languages, and especially for Esperanto, which by then was on the way to changing from a language project into a language which would be fully functional in all areas of life.
In a vote among Esperantists that took place in 1894, however, he voted against changes to the language and, from then on, adhered to the basic principles of the language as originally espoused by Zamenhof, the so-called Fundamento de Esperanto.
Esperanto is based on the Fundamento de Esperanto by L. L. Zamenhof, whereas the grammar of Ido is explained in the Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido.
Hitherto those poets such as Zamenhof who had written in Esperanto were limited by the still young language and apart from Antoni Grabowski, no poet had managed to make a mark on the language.

Zamenhof and December
* Zamenhof Day ( December 15 )
On December 15 ( L. L. Zamenhof's birthday ), Esperanto speakers around the world celebrate Zamenhof Day, sometimes relabelled Esperanto Book Day.
His birthday, December 15, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto.
Zamenhof and the Shadow People by Esther Schor, The New Republic, December 30, 2009
* December 15 – L. L. Zamenhof, Russo-Polish initiator of Esperanto ( d. 1917 )
* December 15-L. L. Zamenhof, Russo-Polish initiator of Esperanto ( died 1917 )
On December 17, 1878 ( about one year before the first publication of Volapük ), Zamenhof celebrated his birthday and the birth of the language with some friends, who liked the project.

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