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Zhou's grandfather, Zhou Panlong, and his granduncle, Zhou Jun ' ang, were the first members of the family to move to Huai ' an.
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Zhou's and Zhou
* Zhou, Daguan ( 2007 ) The customs of Cambodia, translated into English from the French version by Paul Pelliot of Zhou's Chinese original by J. Gilman d ' Arcy Paul, Phnom Penh: Indochina Books, prev publ.
Western writers often describe the Zhou period as " feudal " because the Zhou's early rule invites comparison with medieval rule in Europe.
After Shang's collapse, Zhou's rulers forcibly relocated " Yin diehards " ( 殷頑 ) and scattered them throughout Zhou territory.
On January 15 Deng Xiaoping delivered Zhou's official eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao himself, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou.
Years of resentment over the Cultural Revolution, the public persecution of Deng Xiaoping ( who was seen as Zhou's ally ), and the prohibition against publicly mourning Zhou became associated with each other shortly after Zhou's death, leading to popular discontent against Mao and the Gang of Four.
Zhou's father, Zhou Yineng, was the second of Zhou Panlong's four sons.
Zhou's birth mother Wan died in 1907 when Zhou was 9, and his adoptive mother Chen in 1908 when Zhou was 10.
Zhou's father was working in Hubei, far from Jiangsu, so Zhou and his two younger brothers returned to Huai ' an and lived with his father's remaining younger brother Yikui for the next two years.
In 1910, Zhou's uncle Yigeng, his father's older brother, offered to care for Zhou.
" In 1913, Zhou's uncle was transferred to Tianjin, where Zhou entered the famous Nankai Middle School.
Zhou's reported anxieties were compounded by the death of his uncle, Zhou Yikui, an inability to master Japanese, and an acute Japanese cultural chauvinism that discriminated against Chinese.
Zhou's " official " Chinese biography states that he was a leader of the Tianjin student protests in the May Fourth movement, but many modern scholars believe that it is highly unlikely that Zhou participated at all, based on the total lack of direct evidence among the surviving records from the period.
After Zhou's release, he and the Awakening Society met with several Beijing organizations and agreed to form a " Reform Federation "; during these activities Zhou became more familiar with Li Dazhao and met Zhang Shenfu, who was the contact between Li in Beijing and Chen Duxiu in Shanghai.
It was in Zhou's capacity as general editor of this magazine that Zhou first met Deng Xiaoping, only seventeen years old, who Zhou hired to operate a mimeograph ( copy ) machine.
When Nationalists concerned with the increasing number of Communist members and organizations at Whampoa set up a " Society for Sun Yatsenism ," Zhou attempted to squelch it ; the conflict between these student groups set the background for Zhou's removal from the academy.
The reasons for Zhou's sudden release may have been that Zhou was then the most senior Communist in Shanghai, that Chiang's efforts to exterminate the Shanghai Communists were highly secretive at the time, and that his execution would have been noticed as a violation of the cooperation agreement between the CCP and the KMT ( which was technically still in effect ).
Like Mao later recognized, Mif understood that Zhou's services as Party leader were indispensable, and that Zhou would willingly cooperate with whoever was holding power.
One of Zhou's agents working in Nanjing, Qian Zhuangfei, intercepted a telegram requesting further instructions from Nanjing on how to proceed, and abandoned his cover to personally warn Zhou of the impending crackdown.
Zhou becomes the most powerful person in the Party ; Mao becomes Zhou's assistant.
Zhou's and Jun
Zhou's friends and classmates there ranged from Ma Jun ( an early communist leader executed in 1927 ) to K. C. Wu ( later mayor of Shanghai and governor of Taiwan under the Nationalist party ).
Zhou's and were
Like many others, the economic fortunes of Zhou's large family of scholar-officials were decimated by a great economic recession that China suffered in the late 19th century.
Zhou's studies were supported by his uncles, and apparently Nankai founder Yan Xiu as well, but their funds were limited and during this period Japan suffered from severe inflation.
Zhou's friends in the Awakening Society were similarly affected.
Under Zhou's influence, most of the European branch's officers were in fact communists.
Zhou's wide ranging contacts and personal relationships formed during this period were central to his career.
Zhou's chief lieutenants were Gu Shunzhang, who had strong ties to Chinese secret societies and became an alternate member of the Politburo, and Xiang Zhongfa.
Zhou's intelligence agents were successful in identifying a large section of Chiang's blockhouse lines that were manned by troops under General Chen Jitang, a Guangdong warlord who Zhou identified as being likely to prefer preserving the strength of his troops over fighting.
Premier Zhou's most visible and powerful antagonists were the four senior members who came to be called the Gang of Four.
For example, he mentioned in the preface to chapter 15 that the chronicle records of the feudal states kept in the Zhou's archive were burnt by Qin Shihuang because they contained criticisms and ridicule of the Qin, and that the Qin annals were brief and incomplete.
During the battle of Ruxu, Zhou Tai was appointed by Sun Quan to be the area commander, Xu Sheng and Zhu Ran were both under Zhou's command.
The subsequent development of the battle was much to his disappointment: Zhou led most of the main force to Gan's rescue and destroyed his cavalry ; while Cao Ren himself, along with Xu Huang, were not able to take Zhou's weakened maincamp guarded by Ling Tong.
Zhou's and first
In order to mediate Lin's growing power, Mao approved Zhou's efforts to rehabilitate a number of civilian officials who had been purged during the first years of the Cultural Revolution, and supported Zhou's efforts to improve China's relationship with the United States.
The circumstances behind Zhou's semifinal defeat are controversial, however, because China's national coach Li Yongbo later confirmed rumors that he had instructed Zhou not to fight hard after she had dropped the first game to Zhang.
Zhou's effective strategy was praised and admired by the other generals, but not by Prince Wu of Liang, who would bear a grudge against Zhou for the rest of their lives for Zhou's refusal to save him first.
Zhou's and members
During the late Qing dynasty, Shaoxing was famous as the home of families such as Zhou's, whose members worked as government " clerks " ( shiye ) generation after generation.
On December 25, Zhou's office ordered the Red Guards who had abducted Peng to accompany members of the PLA from Chengdu, to deliver Peng to Beijing by train ( instead of by plane, because the airports in Sichuan had been taken over by Red Guards ), and then to deliver Peng to the Beijing PLA garrison.
Zhou's and family
Zhou later explained ( to a classmate, Zhang Honghao ) that his decision not to marry Yan's daughter was due to fears that Zhou could not financially support a family, and that Yan, as his father-in-law, would dominate Zhou's future.
Zhou's and move
Zhou's move to Berlin was perhaps because the relatively " lenient " political atmosphere in Berlin made it more favorable as a base for overall European organizing.
Zhou's involvement in China's newly re-established stock markets and his trading in copper futures brought about his wealth, that enabled him to move into and capitalise upon the volatile Shanghai real estate boom.
Zhou's and .
Although Zhou's ideas have not yet been broadly accepted, leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G-20 London summit agreed to allow $ 250 billion of special drawing rights to be created by the IMF, to be distributed globally.
In late 1973, to weaken Zhou's political position and to distance themselves from Lin's apparent betrayal, the " Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius " campaign began under Jiang Qing's leadership.
Curiously, after Zhou's death, Mao selected neither a member of the Gang of Four nor Deng Xiaoping to become Premier, instead choosing the relatively unknown Hua Guofeng.
Official attempts to enforce the " five nos " included removing public memorials and tearing down posters commemorating Zhou's achievements.
Such propaganda efforts to attack Zhou's image only strengthened the public's attachment to Zhou's memory.
Mao's passion strove to overwhelm opposition ; Zhou's intellect would seek to persuade or outmaneuver it.
Zhou's health was also failing, however, and he died eight months before Mao on 8 January 1976.
Although succeeded by Hua Guofeng, it was Deng Xiaoping, Zhou's ally, who was able to outmaneuver the Gang of Four politically and eventually take Mao's place as Paramount leader by 1977.
Zhou's birth mother, surnamed Wan, was the daughter of a prominent Jiangsu official.
According to Zhou's own account, he was very close to his adoptive mother and acquired his lasting interest in Chinese literature and opera from her.
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