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Zhou's intelligence agents were successful in identifying a large section of Chiang's blockhouse lines that were manned by troops under General Chen Jitang, a Guangdong warlord who Zhou identified as being likely to prefer preserving the strength of his troops over fighting.
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Zhou's and agents
One of Zhou's agents working in Nanjing, Qian Zhuangfei, intercepted a telegram requesting further instructions from Nanjing on how to proceed, and abandoned his cover to personally warn Zhou of the impending crackdown.
The night before he was scheduled to leave Shanghai in June 1931, Xiang Zhongfa, who was one of Zhou's most senior agents, decided to spend the night in a hotel with his mistress, ignoring Zhou's warnings about the danger.
Zhou's and were
Zhou's grandfather, Zhou Panlong, and his granduncle, Zhou Jun ' ang, were the first members of the family to move to Huai ' an.
Like many others, the economic fortunes of Zhou's large family of scholar-officials were decimated by a great economic recession that China suffered in the late 19th century.
Zhou's studies were supported by his uncles, and apparently Nankai founder Yan Xiu as well, but their funds were limited and during this period Japan suffered from severe inflation.
Zhou's reported anxieties were compounded by the death of his uncle, Zhou Yikui, an inability to master Japanese, and an acute Japanese cultural chauvinism that discriminated against Chinese.
Zhou's friends in the Awakening Society were similarly affected.
Under Zhou's influence, most of the European branch's officers were in fact communists.
Zhou's wide ranging contacts and personal relationships formed during this period were central to his career.
The reasons for Zhou's sudden release may have been that Zhou was then the most senior Communist in Shanghai, that Chiang's efforts to exterminate the Shanghai Communists were highly secretive at the time, and that his execution would have been noticed as a violation of the cooperation agreement between the CCP and the KMT ( which was technically still in effect ).
Like Mao later recognized, Mif understood that Zhou's services as Party leader were indispensable, and that Zhou would willingly cooperate with whoever was holding power.
Zhou's chief lieutenants were Gu Shunzhang, who had strong ties to Chinese secret societies and became an alternate member of the Politburo, and Xiang Zhongfa.
Premier Zhou's most visible and powerful antagonists were the four senior members who came to be called the Gang of Four.
For example, he mentioned in the preface to chapter 15 that the chronicle records of the feudal states kept in the Zhou's archive were burnt by Qin Shihuang because they contained criticisms and ridicule of the Qin, and that the Qin annals were brief and incomplete.
During the battle of Ruxu, Zhou Tai was appointed by Sun Quan to be the area commander, Xu Sheng and Zhu Ran were both under Zhou's command.
The subsequent development of the battle was much to his disappointment: Zhou led most of the main force to Gan's rescue and destroyed his cavalry ; while Cao Ren himself, along with Xu Huang, were not able to take Zhou's weakened maincamp guarded by Ling Tong.
Zhou's and identifying
Zhou's greatest danger in his underground work was the threat of being discovered by the KMT secret police, which had been established in 1928 with the specific mission of identifying and eliminating Communists.
Zhou's and Chiang's
Zhou's work at Whampoa came to an end with the Zhongshan Warship Incident of 20 March 1926, in which a gunboat with a mostly Communist crew moved from Whampoa to Guangzhou without Chiang's knowledge or approval.
Zhou's and by
Although Zhou's ideas have not yet been broadly accepted, leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G-20 London summit agreed to allow $ 250 billion of special drawing rights to be created by the IMF, to be distributed globally.
* Zhou, Daguan ( 2007 ) The customs of Cambodia, translated into English from the French version by Paul Pelliot of Zhou's Chinese original by J. Gilman d ' Arcy Paul, Phnom Penh: Indochina Books, prev publ.
On January 15 Deng Xiaoping delivered Zhou's official eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao himself, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou.
Although succeeded by Hua Guofeng, it was Deng Xiaoping, Zhou's ally, who was able to outmaneuver the Gang of Four politically and eventually take Mao's place as Paramount leader by 1977.
Despite rumors that Chiang had put a high price on Zhou's head, he was quickly released by Bai Chongxi's forces.
In late April 1931 Zhou's chief aide in security affairs, Gu Shunzhang, was arrested by the KMT in Wuhan.
In 1968 Jiang had Zhou's adopted son ( Sun Yang ) and daughter ( Sun Weishi ) tortured and murdered by Maoist Red Guards.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty ( 1045 – 256 BCE ), the campaigns by Zhou's vassal states to purge other hostile " barbarians " allowed the Xiongnu the opportunity to fill a power vacuum.
On December 25, Zhou's office ordered the Red Guards who had abducted Peng to accompany members of the PLA from Chengdu, to deliver Peng to Beijing by train ( instead of by plane, because the airports in Sichuan had been taken over by Red Guards ), and then to deliver Peng to the Beijing PLA garrison.
Lin was supported by Jiang Qing in his opposition to pursuing a relationship with the United States, but was not able to permanently disrupt Zhou's efforts to contact the United States.
Zhou Enlai attempted to mediate between Mao and Lin, but by 1971 Lin had become extremely reclusive and difficult to talk with at any level, and Zhou's mediation failed.
Thus, Zhou Yu was praised by Sun Quan to be the sole person who enabled him to become an emperor years after Zhou's death.
To make matters worse, its final emperor Chen Shubao was an incompetent and indulgent ruler, and Chen was eventually destroyed by Northern Zhou's successor state Sui.
Zhou's and troops
In response, Zhou Yu led his troops to Liyang ( 歷陽, present-day He County, Anhui, China ) to catch up with Sun Ce, who exclaimed upon Zhou's arrival, " with you, greatness can be attained!
Zhou's and under
In late 1973, to weaken Zhou's political position and to distance themselves from Lin's apparent betrayal, the " Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius " campaign began under Jiang Qing's leadership.
Zhou's friends and classmates there ranged from Ma Jun ( an early communist leader executed in 1927 ) to K. C. Wu ( later mayor of Shanghai and governor of Taiwan under the Nationalist party ).
Even though it was technically responsible to the central government, Zhou's political department operated under a direct mandate to indoctrinate Whampoa's cadets in the ideology of the KMT for the purpose of improving loyalty and morale.
Zhou's most senior aide not yet under suspicion, Pan Hannian, became Tekes director.
In 887, a mutiny at Zhenhai's capital Run Prefecture ( 潤州 ), led by Zhou's officer Xue Lang, forced Zhou to flee from Run Prefecture to Chang Prefecture ( 常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu ) to come under the protection of his officer Ding Congshi ( 丁從實 ) the prefect of Chang Prefecture, while Xue claimed the title of acting military governor.
Zhou's and Chen
Zhou's birth mother Wan died in 1907 when Zhou was 9, and his adoptive mother Chen in 1908 when Zhou was 10.
After Zhou's release, he and the Awakening Society met with several Beijing organizations and agreed to form a " Reform Federation "; during these activities Zhou became more familiar with Li Dazhao and met Zhang Shenfu, who was the contact between Li in Beijing and Chen Duxiu in Shanghai.
Zhang demanded that one of his own generals, Chen Changhao, take over Zhou's position as political commissar of the entire Red Army, and suggested that Zhang himself replace Zhu De on the Military Commission.
Zhou's and Guangdong
Zhou's work in the CCP Guangdong Regional Committee Military Section was typical of his covert activities in the period.
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