Likewise, the 6th century historian Zosimus, reporting events around AD 280, refers to " the Bastarnae, a Scythian people ".

The participation of the Bastarnae in these is likely but largely unspecified, due to Zosimus ' and other chroniclers ' tendency to lump all these tribes under the general term " Scythians "-meaning all the inhabitants of Scythia, rather than the specific people called the Scythians.

In support of this, Wolfram cites Zosimus as referring to a group of " Scythians " north of the Danube who were called " Greuthungi " by the barbarians north of the Ister.

In support of this, Wolfram cites Zosimus as referring to a group of " Scythians " north of the Danube who were called " Greutungi " by the barbarians north of the Ister.

According to Zosimus, Athanaric ( Athomaricus ) was the king of the Goths ( Scythians ).

According to Zosimus, Athanaric ( Athomaricus ) was the king of the Goths ( Scythians ).

Ammianus calls it a munimentum, Theophylactus Simocatta to ' Anathon frourion, Zosimus a frourion, opp.

Neither of the main ancient sources for this period, Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus, mention the Bastarnae in their accounts of the 4th century, possibly implying the loss of their separate identity, presumably subsumed into the neighbouring Sarmatians or Goths.

Orosius ( Historiae adversum paganos 7, 34 ) and Zosimus ( New History 4, 34, 3-5 ) affirm this, but a more reliable source, Ammianus Marcellinus ( Res gestae 27, 5, 10 ) tells us an entirely different story.

Ancient toponyms for Samarra noted by the Samarra Archaeological Survey are Greek Souma ( Ptolemy V. 19, Zosimus III, 30 ), Latin Sumere, a fort mentioned during the retreat of the army of Julian the Apostate in 364 AD ( Ammianus Marcellinus XXV, 6, 4 ), and Syriac Sumra ( Hoffmann, Auszüge, 188 ; Michael the Syrian, III, 88 ), described as a village.

Ammianus Marcellinus, Tyrannius Rufinus, and Zosimus report that Bacurius was " king of Iberians ", but Gelasius of Caesarea does not call him king, but merely scion of the kings of Iberia.

According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Zosimus and Philostorgius, Justina was living near Sirmium by the time she was widowed.

The major primary sources on the early Franks include Panegyrici Latini, Ammianus Marcellinus, Claudian, Zosimus, Sidonius Apollinaris and Gregory of Tours.

The chief authorities on the career of Alaric are: the historian Orosius and the poet Claudian, both contemporary, neither disinterested ; Zosimus, a historian who lived probably about half a century after Alaric's death ; and Jordanes, a Goth who wrote the history of his nation in 551, basing his work on The Trojan War.

The supposedly treacherous behavior of Treboniannus Gallus who, according to Zosimus, signalled the final Gothic assault is not accepted today.

Patroclus, who enjoyed the support of the commander Constantine, used this opportunity to procure for himself the position of supremacy above mentioned, by winning over Zosimus to his ideas.

Not long after the election of Zosimus Caelestius, a proponent of Pelagianism who had been condemned by Innocent I, the preceding pope, came to Rome to appeal to the new pope, having been expelled from Constantinople.

Shortly after this Zosimus became involved in a dispute with the African bishops in regard to the right of appeal to the Roman See clerics who had been condemned by their bishops.

According to Zosimus, he was survived by his widow Marsa and two sons who were raised alongside the sons and co-emperors of Theodosius I.

He is known from coins, and from mentions in Zosimus and Zonaras, who say that he was an officer in one of the Danube legions.

According to Zosimus, the revolts of Pacatianus in Moesia ( he probably controlled Viminacium ) and Iotapianus in Syria prompted Philip to make an offer to the Roman Senate to step down, but the senator Decius ( who was sent by Philip to deal with the rebellion ), correctly predicted that Pacatianus the Great would soon be killed by his own men before his own arrival.

Because Zosimus places his coup in the reign of Aurelian and because he equates Domitianus with Septiminus ( or Septimius ) who was acclaimed Emperor by the Dalmatian garrison at about the same time it has usually been assumed that Domitianus was directly challenging Aurelian and that his revolt took place within the territory of the central Empire – i. e. those provinces not controlled by either the ‘ Gallic Emperors ’ in the west or Zenobia in the east.

Zosimus ( 1. 41 ) reports that Aureolus and two other officers conspired against Gallienus, but that all of them were punished and submitted, except Aureolus, who retained his anger against the emperor.

However, it is possible that Zosimus confused this usurper with Lucius Julius Aurelius Sulpicius Severus Uranius Antoninus, who, according to numismatical evidence, reigned much later: in Syria, in 254, coins were struck bearing his name.

A comparison with Zosimus, who also made use of Olympiodorus, seems to show that the whole ninth book of Sozomen, is mostly an abridged extract from Olympiodorus.

The doctrine takes its name from Pelagius, a British monk who was accused of developing the doctrine ( he himself appears to have claimed that man does not do good apart from grace in his letters, claiming only that all men have free will by God's gift ); it was opposed especially by Augustine of Hippo and was declared a heresy by Pope Zosimus in 418.

Of Herodian, Photius wrote “ he neither exaggerates with hyperbole nor omits anything essential ; in short, in all the virtues of historiography there are few men who are his superior .” Zosimus used him as a source as did John of Antioch when writing his World Chronicle.

Noting the absence of any mention of Mavia in Zosimus ' work who was familiar with the writings of Sozomen and Socrates, Shahid concludes this omission is deliberate since it did not accord with the Zosimus ' thesis regarding the destructive effects of the Christianization and barbarization he associated with Constantine I's reforms.

The fifth-century pagan Zosimus, by contrast, praised Diocletian for keeping troops on the borders, rather than keeping them in the cities, as Constantine was held to have done.

According to the sixth century Byzantine scholar Zosimus, " Honorius wrote letters to the cities in Britain, bidding them to guard themselves.

A group of officers of the city's garrisons ( Zosimus calls them Marcellianus, Marcellus and Lucianus ) turned to Maxentius to accept the imperial purple, probably judging that the official recognition which was granted to Constantine would not be withheld from Maxentius, son of an emperor as well.

Aemilian exhorted them, reminding them of Roman honour ( according to Zosimus ) and promising tribute from the Goths ( according to Zonaras ).

In the late 5th century the Byzantine historian Zosimus declared the knowledge of how to build them to have been long since forgotten.

However, trouble for both Arbogast and Eugenius arose as the Pagan revitalization movement began during the reign of Eugenius, which may or may not have been intended by either one of them, although some, such as Zosimus, would differ.

In the first attested incursion in Thrace the Goths were mentioned as Boranoi by Zosimus, and then as Boradoi by Gregory Thaumaturgus.

Bacurius was a tribunus sagittariorum at the Battle of Adrianople with the Goths in 378 and then served as dux Palaestinae and comes domesticorum until 394, when he became magister militum and commanded a " barbarian " contingent in Emperor Theodosius I ’ s ( r. 379 – 395 ) campaign against the Roman usurper Eugenius and met his death, according to Zosimus, at the Battle of the Frigidus.

However, he was especially hostile towards Zosimus, a pagan historiographer, for his vehemently anti-Christian views, stating “ ‘ You, O accursed and totally defiled one, say that the fortunes of the Romans wasted away and were altogether ruined from the time when Christianity was made known ”, challenging Zosimus's assumption that Rome ’ s fall began with Constantine ’ s conversion.

On the day of the funeral for Pope Zosimus, which was held at San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, partisans of Eulalius occupied the Lateran.

The Roman army at Ticinum mutinied on August 13, killing at least seven senior imperial officers ( Zosimus 5. 32 ).

Zosimus called the city " germanorum ", Germanic speaking, at the end of the 4th century.

His son Hormizd escaped from prison in 323 with the help of his wife, and found refuge at the court of Constantine the Great ( 324 – 337 ) ( Zosimus ii.

Zosimus considers her strong-willed but ultimately manipulated by eunuchs at court and the women of her environment.

Little is known of the Severan Wall save for a short description of its course by Zosimus ( New History, II. 30. 2-4 ) and that its main gate was located at the end of a porticoed avenue ( the first part of the later Mese ) and shortly before the entrance of the later Forum of Constantine.

According to the historian Zosimus, " There was great slaughter at Chrysopolis.

However both Zosimus and the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th century monk tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648 report that Justina was too young at the time of her first marriage to have children.