The initial, and perhaps even sole task of philosophers, according to this view, is not to establish and demonstrate theories about reality, but rather to subject all theories — including those about philosophy itself — to critical review, and measure their validity by how well they withstand criticism.

( Federation of Groups for Institutional Study & Research ) and its review Recherche ( Research ), working on philosophy, mathematics, psychoanalysis, education, architecture, ethnology, etc.

The roots of her realist philosophy can be found in her review of John Ruskin's Modern Painters in Westminster Review in 1856.

Thus, philosophy of law addresses such diverse topics as theories of contract law, theories of criminal punishment, theories of tort liability, and the question whether judicial review is justified.

Bain's autobiography, published in 1904, contains a full list of his works, and also the history of the last thirteen years of his life by Professor W. L. Davidson of the University of Aberdeen, who further contributed to Mind ( April 1904 ) a review of Bain's services to philosophy.

Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers included the development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or " backing "; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be generally applied to many types of questions ( although which to apply it to is an ethical question ); the willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process ; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality, and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either ; the separation of theology ( kalam ) and law ( shariah ) during the early Abbasid period, a precursor to secularism ; the distinction between religion and philosophy, marking the beginning of secular thought ; the beginning of a peer review process ; early ideas on evolution ; the beginnings of the scientific method, an important contribution to the philosophy of science ; the introduction of temporal modal logic and inductive logic ; the beginning of social philosophy, including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict ; the beginning of the philosophy of history ; the development of the philosophical novel and the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa ; and distinguishing between essence and existence.

In 1802 he went to Paris, where he had a circle including Heinrich Christoph Kolbe and edited the review Europa ( 1803 ), lectured on philosophy and carried on Oriental studies, some results of which he embodied in an epoch-making book, Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier ( On the Language and Wisdom of India ) ( 1808 ).

Two years later, in a review of Dewey's book A Common Faith ( 1934 ), Niebuhr was surprisingly calm and respectful towards Dewey's " religious footnote " on his then large body of educational and pragmatic philosophy.

John Stewart ’ s review of the book removes Hegel from the whole structure of the book, He wrote, in 2007, “… nothing stands in the way of a commentator who wants to find a substantive philosophical discussion in these allusions to Hegel, and certainly there is no reason to think that Hegel ’ s and Kierkegaard ’ s views on philosophy of religion or political theory are the same or are consistent with each other.

review of Sainsbury, R. M., Departing from Frege: Essays in the philosophy of language, Routledge, 2002, 234 pp, ISBN 0-415-27255-6

The focus on international achievement reflected the philosophy of the award organisers, who described the Australian of the Year as ‘ the person who has brought the greatest honour to Australia in the year under review .’

The basic philosophy of a three man flight deck on western airplanes should an abnormality or emergency arise is as follows: the Captain hands over the actual flying of the aircraft to the Copilot, then the Captain and Flight Engineer together review and carry out the necessary actions required to contain and rectify the problem.

See brain implants in fiction and philosophy for a review of this literature.

According to a review by Martin Bronfenbrenner in The Journal of Political Economy, about half of the book was devoted to dialectical philosophy, " with a strong epistemological stress ", with the other half devoted to discussions of economic and general history, anthropology and sociology, and actual economics, including a surprisingly large helping of business administration – Bronfenbrenner noted that LaRouche seemed to have " more private-business experience than the great majority of academic economists ", including a familiarity with the way speculative overcapitalization, operating at the borders of white-collar crime, creates " fictitious capitals " that later do not match their actual earning power.

It has also published research articles, essays, and book reviews on many other topics, including the philosophy of science, pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact, alternative medicine, the process of peer review for controversial topics, astrology, consciousness, reincarnation, minority opinion scientific theories, and paranormal phenomena.

* Hull, D., 2002, « Recent philosophy of biology: A review », Acta Biotheoretica, 50, 117-128.

A useful perspective, created by social enterprise consultants across four continents after a review by Social Enterprise Europe, highlights three factors which frame the business philosophy of a social enterprise:

Trucks has had a long interest in philosophy and literature ; in 2005 he published a letter in the New York Times Book Review criticizing a review of a decades-old article about the band in which the members were made to look like uneducated characters from a William Faulkner novel.

Athanor is now a review of language philosophy, history, and international politics.

In a review of the book, Time Magazine wrote, " General Jackson's opinions need surprise no one who has observed George Washington and Abraham Lincoln zealously following the Communist Party Line in recent years.

Truman at the same time directed the Secretaries of State and Defense to review and reassess U. S. national security policy in the light of the Soviet atomic explosion, the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, and acquisition of the hydrogen bomb, and to produce a paper based on their new analysis.

In the meantime, the issue was brought up in the Parliament of Romania by the Peasant Party's Paul Bujor, who first made a proposal to review legislation dealing with political violence and sedition ; it won the approval of the governing National Liberal Party, which, on December 19, passed the Mârzescu Law ( named after its proponent, Mârzescu, who had been appointed Minister of Justice ) — it most notable, if indirect, effect was the banning of the Communist Party.

The Thirty-Six Stratagems only came to the public's attention after a review of it was published in the Chinese Communist Party's Guangming Daily ( 光明日報 ／ 光明日报 ) newspaper on September 16, 1961.

* Leninist logic and method for developing the forces committed to the " global class war " tradition: a review of the lessons of recent years by S Redfield New Haven, Conn: Revolutionary Communist League -( Internationalist ), 1980

Later he became Editor of Our Time, the Communist review, from 1944 to 1947, working with Arnold Rattenbury and David Holbrook.

* Book review of Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist

Preda's novel Delirium ( Delirul ) is considered to reflect the attempt to review Ion Antonescu's role against the background of re-surging nationalist pride in Communist Romania.

Since 2002, these members had been in conflict with Bruno Drweski, director the Communist review La Pensée.

" At his loyalty review hearings, Remington downplayed his earlier connections with Communist and leftist organizations and claimed that his wife's adherence to Communist doctrine was the reason for the end of their marriage.

The PRCF publishes the Initiative communiste (' Communist Initiative ') monthly magazine and the theoretical review " Etincelle ".

" Once you have a Confucius Institute on campus, you have a second source of opinions and authority that is ultimately answerable to the Chinese Communist Party and which is not subject to scholarly review.

A Session of the Supreme Council of Uzbekistan, a day after the confirmation its agenda order of the day and the beginning of its work, 20 June 1990 reviewed its agenda order of the day once again, added to it the issue of the independence of the republic and accepted the bill « Declaration of the Independence » for review presented by the ERK party despite the criticism of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan headed by Islam Karimov.

Our leaders were selected by a caucus of women before the appointments were subject to popular review .... Our traditional governments are composed of an equal number of men and women.

When Theramenes again objected that this number was still too small, the leaders arranged for a military review to be staged after which the citizens were ordered to pile their arms ; with the help of the Spartan garrison, the oligarchs then confiscated all arms except those belonging to the 3, 000.

In his review of the history of sortition implemented in various degrees in Greece, Florence and during the French revolution in " The Political Potential of Sortition ", Dowlen argues that any use of sortition, whether to elect leaders, or to form the body that elects leaders, has helped develop and strengthen inclusion and stability in democratic systems.

There was a failed attempt to create elected regional assemblies outside London in 2004 and since then the structures of regional governance — regional assemblies, regional development agencies and local authority leaders ' boards — have been subject to review.

Each month, industry leaders and experts share technical solutions, review new game development tools, and discuss strategies for creating innovative, successful video games.

Although the 1986 Chernobyl accident in the Soviet Union did not alter the government's commitment to nuclear power, particularly since none of the existing or planned reactors used the kind of technology employed at Chernobyl, Czechoslovak leaders acknowledged the need for a thorough review of safety measures.

But in December, Hoffa sent letters to the Securities and Exchange Commission, state Attorneys General, state insurance officials and Congressional leaders on financial industry oversight calling on regulators to review the questionable promotion of credit default swaps for bonds of YRCW.

A jailer who had personal contact with her lauded her character and behavior and modern women scholars review this kind of accusation as part of a pattern faced by women leaders and writers then and since in a way that Azar Nafisi says "… the Islamic regime today … fears them and feels vulnerable in the face of a resistance that is not just political but existential.

After the ten year period, world leaders would meet again to review the progress made during the decade.

This review will include the following objectives: a ) an assessment that the Guatemalan executive branch is taking all actions within its authority to ensure the physical safety and human and civil rights of union leaders and the effective criminal prosecution of persons charged with provoking anti-union violence, including killings of union leaders ; b ) assurances that the Government of Guatemala is taking all steps within its power to provide for the re-employment of the 900 fired banana workers and settlement of related labor law violations ; c ) further progress towards enacting the new Labor Code ; and d ) further improvements in labor law enforcement and judicial administration related to the protection of labor rights.

At the ministry's web home, ChristianityToday. org, all other brands for Christian thought leaders and church leaders are featured, including publications like the intellectual Christian review, Books & Culture, and the publication for pastors and church leaders, Leadership Journal.

The whole army was assembled under pretense of a general review and lustration, when the king, at the instigation of Perdiccas, suddenly demanded the surrender and punishment of all the leaders in the late disorders.

In late May 2008, Ameri traveled to Brazil to review U. S. public diplomacy efforts and meet with local leaders.

* " When leaders showed courage ", review by Mark Steyn in Maclean's, January 29, 2007.

Modern women scholars review this kind of accusation as part of a pattern faced by women leaders and writers then and since in a way that Azar Nafisi says "… the Islamic regime today … fears them and feels vulnerable in the face of a resistance that is not just political but existential.

The amendment said the information activities should only be conducted if needed to supplement international information dissemination of private agencies ; that the State Department was not to acquire a monopoly of broadcasting or any other information medium ; and that private sector leaders should be invited to review and advise the State Department in this work.

A jailer who had personal contact with her lauded her character and behavior and modern women scholars review this kind of accusation as part of a pattern faced by women leaders and writers then and since in a way that Azar Nafisi says "… the Islamic regime today … fears them and feels vulnerable in the face of a resistance that is not just political but existential.

Sabina Citron says the book provides " deep insights " into the major tenets of political Islam, and says it should be required reading for Western leaders, alongside Hugh Fitzgerald's detailed review of the book, which appeared in Outpost.

240 pp. biographies of 12 leaders online review

CoC also interviewed the leaders of labels such as Earache Records, Peaceville and The End Records, and to date continues to review and talk to current bands.