Unicode solves this problem by assigning every known character its own code ; if this code is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it.

The work of both authors was heavily influenced by Kurt Gödel's earlier work on his incompleteness theorem, especially by the method of assigning numbers ( a Gödel numbering ) to logical formulas in order to reduce logic to arithmetic.

An ancient method of assigning names is based upon seasons and quarters of the year.

* Numbering scheme, an agreed-upon method of assigning nominal numbers to entities

An alternate and quicker method of setup from the original French rules is to deal out the entire deck of Risk cards ( minus the wild cards ), assigning players to the territories on their cards.

Mulliken population analysis is named after him, a method of assigning charges to atoms in a molecule.

Acton has an unusual method of assigning students to elementary schools, called " Open Enrollment.

Iterative methods optimize an objective function based on a selected alignment scoring method by assigning an initial global alignment and then realigning sequence subsets.

Cohomology can be viewed as a method of assigning algebraic invariants to a topological space that has a more refined algebraic structure than does homology.

The third method was the assigning to shaykhs of the revenues of charitable endowments, known as waqfs.

* Numbering scheme, a method of assigning numbers to items

They developed a rigorous method — now known as the Wiener measure — for assigning a probability to a particle's random path.

The short octave was a method of assigning notes to keys in early keyboard instruments ( harpsichord, clavichord, organ ), for the purpose of giving the instrument an extended range in the bass.

It is a machine independent method of assigning a probability value to each hypothesis ( algorithm / program ) that explains a given observation, with the simplest hypothesis ( the shortest program ) having the highest probability and the increasingly complex hypotheses receiving increasingly small probabilities.

In algorithmic information theory, algorithmic ( Solomonoff ) probability is a method of assigning a probability to each hypothesis ( algorithm / program ) that explains a given observation, with the simplest hypothesis ( the shortest program ) having the highest probability and the increasingly complex hypotheses ( longer programs ) receiving increasingly small probabilities.

In mathematics, the Cauchy principal value, named after Augustin Louis Cauchy, is a method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined.

He next described a method of assigning the encoded bit stream onto the symbols in a very systematic procedure.

By contrast, coordinate time is the time between two events as measured by a distant observer using that observer's own method of assigning a time to an event.

The most common method of assigning numbers to lines is to assign every line a unique number, starting at 1 for the first line, and incrementing by 1 for each successive line.

The force-directed algorithms achieve this by assigning forces among the set of edges and the set of nodes ; the most straightforward method is to assign forces as if the edges were springs ( see Hooke's law ) and the nodes were electrically charged particles ( see Coulomb's law ).

If A is any summation method assigning values to a set of sequences, we may mechanically translate this to a series-summation method A < sup > Σ </ sup > that assigns the same values to the corresponding series.

The Schrödinger method begins by assigning a Poisson distribution with expected value λt to the number of observations in the interval, the number of observations in non-overlapping subintervals being independent ( see Poisson process ).

Today, the problem of determining an unobserved variable ( by whatever method ) is called inferential statistics, the method of inverse probability ( assigning a probability distribution to an unobserved variable ) is called Bayesian probability, the " distribution " of an unobserved variable given data is rather the likelihood function ( which is not a probability distribution ), and the distribution of an unobserved variable, given both data and a prior distribution, is the posterior distribution.

What is left to traditional systems of philosophy is, in effect, only the history of these fields prior to their becoming rigorous enough to abide by the canons of scientific method.

Justice Holmes cautioned that “ the proper derivation of general principals in both common and constitutional law ... arise gradually, in the emergence of a consensus from a multitude of particularized prior decisions .” Justice Cardozo noted the “ common law does not work from pre-established truths of universal and inflexible validity to conclusions derived from them deductively ,” but “ ts method is inductive, and it draws its generalizations from particulars .”

Coitus interruptus, also known as the rejected sexual intercourse, withdrawal or pull-out method, is a method of birth-control in which a man, during intercourse withdraws his penis from a woman's vagina prior to ejaculation.

This older method ( prior to the development home blood glucose monitoring ) is still in use in a proportion of cases.

Although this method of charting seems to have existed in China even prior to this publication and scientist, the greatest significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in printed form.

However, prior to that, legal scholars ( forerunners of today's comparativists and international lawyers ) practiced comparative method.

The Diffie – Hellman key exchange method allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure communications channel.

Furthermore, some testing procedures employ a hydrolysis step prior to quantitation that converts the metabolic products to morphine, yielding a result that may be many times larger than with a method that examines each product individually.

Another method is to place a reactive substance in with the gasoline, and treat the label or wrapper paper with another chemical ; when the bottle ruptures, the two chemicals mix and ignite ; this is safer to handle if done properly, and does not betray the thrower with a visible flame prior to the throw.

Others, however, suggest that the already linguistically diverse environment of the lower Mississippi basin drove the need for a common method of communication prior to regular contact with Europeans.

This was the first published practical method for establishing a shared secret-key over an authenticated ( but not private ) communications channel without using a prior shared secret.

In part this limitation arose from the fact that consciousness raising, as " the primary method of understanding women's condition " in the movement at this time and its " most successful organizing tool ", led to an emphasis on personal experience that concealed " prior political and philosophical assumptions ".

* The athlete entering the circle, then exiting and re-entering it prior to starting the throw results in a foul ( all the rule books allow an athlete to leave a circle prior to starting a throw, but this still counts within the one minute time limit ; the allowable method of exiting the circle varies by rule book ).

The tree is rotated on the edge joining p with its parent g, then rotated on the edge joining x with p. Note that zig-zig steps are the only thing that differentiate splay trees from the rotate to root method introduced by Allen and Munro prior to the introduction of splay trees.

To combat the threat of frost, a method developed in Burgundy involves aggressive pruning just prior to budburst.

This method generally means ' blue ' steaks take longer to prepare than any other steak degree, as these require additional warming time prior to cooking.

In Hong Kong, jumping is the most common method ( from any location ) of committing suicide, accounting for 52. 1 % of all reported suicide cases in 2006, and similar rates for the years prior to that.

This method uses double-checked locking, which should not be used prior to J2SE 5. 0, as it is vulnerable to subtle bugs.

The difference is usually that a " Rektor " is elected by the Senate from among the professors of the university ( which is the traditional method of choosing the head of a German university ), while a " Präsident " need neither be a professor nor a member of the university ( or of any university ) prior to appointment.

It was largely by this method ( mixed-race Bermudians being added to the number of Blacks, rather than added to the number of Whites or being defined as a separate demographic group ) that Coloured ( subsequently redefined in the twentieth century as Black ) Bermudians came to outnumber White Bermudians by the end of the 19th century, despite starting off at a numerical disadvantage, and despite low Black immigration prior to the latter 19th century ( other contributing factors included the scale of White relative to Black emigration in the 17th and 18th centuries, the greater mortality of Whites from disease in the late 17th century, and large-scale West Indian immigration, which began, like Portuguese immigration, in the 19th century to provide labourers for the new export agriculture industry and expansion of the Royal Naval Dockyard.

Although a method of borrowing had been known and published in textbooks prior, apparently the crutches are the invention of William A. Brownell who used them in a study in November 1937.

Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century, when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record, often under a false name, in a criminal record repository.