The term " anthropology " is from the Greek anthrōpos (), " man ", understood to mean humankind or humanity, and-logia (- λογία ), " discourse " or " study.

The English word " amputation " was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie ( published in either 1597 or 1612 ); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words " extirpation " ( 16th century French texts tended to use extirper ), " disarticulation ", and " dismemberment " ( from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal ), or simply " cutting ", but by the end of the 17th century " amputation " had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.

Typical of his satire and cynical humour, the book included a discourse on Parkinson's Law of Triviality ( debates about expenses for a nuclear plant, a bicycle shed, and refreshments ), a note on why driving on the left side of the road ( see road transport ) is natural, and suggested that the Royal Navy would eventually have more admirals than ships.

Eschatology is an ancient branch of study in Christian theology, presumably starting with the Olivet discourse, The Sheep and the Goats, and other discourses of end times by Jesus, with the doctrine of the Second Coming of Christ first touched on by Paul of Tarsus and Ignatius of Antioch ( c. 35 – 107 AD ), then given more consideration by the Christian apologist, Justin Martyr ( c. 100 – 165 ).

Public discourse ranged in tone from organized arguments by tobacconist and medical practitioner John Williams, who posited that " several arguments proving that inoculating the smallpox is not contained in the law of Physick, either natural or divine, and therefore unlawful ," to more slanderous attacks, such as those put forth in a pamphlet by Dr. William Douglass of Boston entitled The Abuses and Scandals of Some Late Pamphlets in Favour of Inoculation of the Small Pox ( 1721 ), on the qualifications of inoculation's proponents.

The first noble truth is presented within the Buddha's first discourse, Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dharma ( Dharmacakra Pravartana Sūtra ), as follows:

Conversation analysis and discourse analysis, sociolinguistic methods that focus more specifically on the structure of conversational interchange ( e. g., between a teacher and student ), have been used to assess the process of conceptual change in science learning.

According to the Buddhist tradition, the Buddha first taught the four noble truths in the very first teaching he gave after he attained enlightenment, as recorded in the discourse Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dharma ( Dharmacakra Pravartana Sūtra ), and he further clarified their meaning in many subsequent teachings.

From the authoritative words of Jesus the gospel turns to three sets of three miracles interwoven with two sets of two discipleship stories ( the second narrative ), followed by a discourse on mission and suffering.

The Passion narrative recounts the Last Supper ( focusing on Jesus ' farewell discourse ), Jesus ' arrest and crucifixion, his burial, and resurrection.

* Walter J. Ong ( 2005 ), Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: from the art of discourse to the art of reason

In general, intuitionists allow the use of the law of excluded middle when it is confined to discourse over finite collections ( sets ), but not when it is used in discourse over infinite sets ( e. g. the natural numbers ).

of " λεξικός " ( lexikos ), " of or for words ", from " λέξις " ( lexis ), " speech ", " word ", ( in turn from " λέγω " lego " to say ", " to speak ") + "- λογία ", (- logia ), " the study of ", a suffix derived from " λόγος " ( logos ), amongst others meaning " speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason ", it turn also from " λέγω ".

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

Along with grammar and logic ( or dialectic – see Martianus Capella ), rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse.

" As the " antistrophe " of a Greek ode responds to and is patterned after the structure of the " strophe " ( they form two sections of the whole and are sung by two parts of the chorus ), so the art of rhetoric follows and is structurally patterned after the art of dialectic because both are arts of discourse production.

Much of the emphasis is on abundance of variation ( copia means " plenty " or " abundance ", as in copious or cornucopia ), so both books focus on ways to introduce the maximum amount of variety into discourse.

When the object of study happens to be some type of discourse ( a speech, a poem, a joke, a newspaper article ), the aim of rhetorical analysis is not simply to describe the claims and arguments advanced within the disourse, but ( more important ) to identify the specific semiotic strategies employed by the speaker to accomplish specific persuasive goals.

it is a mystique, and their private language is rich in the multivalent ambiguities of sexual reference so that they dwell in a sexualized universe of discourse.

The author's name " indicates the status of the discourse within a society and culture ", and at one time was used as an anchor for interpreting a text, a practice which Barthes would argue is not a particularly relevant or valid endeavor.

The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only.

Ethnography is concerned with the lives of people within different parts of the world, particularly in relation to the discourse of beliefs and practices.

The term is used by Jesus Christ in the Olivet discourse, according to both the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark.

To some outside of the realm of this discourse, The term is critiqued as being unclear, unfocused, and / or contradictory in nature

" It is a rational calculation where states fight for their interests ( whether they are economic, security related, or otherwise ) once normal discourse has broken down.

Alexander is often overlooked by texts in the history and theory of architecture because his work intentionally disregards contemporary architectural discourse.

As such, Alexander is widely considered to occupy a place outside the discipline, the discourse, and the practice of Architecture.

Various introductory texts to critical psychology written in the United Kingdom have tended to focus on discourse, but this has been seen by some proponents of critical psychology as a reduction of human experience to language which is as politically dangerous as the way mainstream psychology reduces experience to the individual mind.

Michel Foucault's concept of discourse is closely related to social rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped and change.

The term dialect ( from the ancient Greek word Διάλεκτος diálektos, " discourse ", from διά diá, " through " + λέγω legō, " I speak ") is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists.

The term ' dualism ' was originally coined to denote co-eternal binary opposition, a meaning that is preserved in metaphysical and philosophical duality discourse but has been diluted in general or common usages .— which is also uncreated — is an absolute one.

He continued arguing how problematic it was establishing the relation between " normal ", " nonfiction or standard discourse " and " fiction ", defined as its " parasite, “ for part of the most originary essence of the latter is to allow fiction, the simulacrum, parasitism, to take place-and in so doing to " de-essentialize " itself as it were ”.

The prayer is followed by a discourse on the importance of the evening.

Scholarly discourse about religion, on the other hand, is not emic but etic.

* Stylistics – study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.

Neo-Aristotelians generally study rhetoric as political discourse, while the neo-Sophistic view contends that rhetoric cannot be so limited.

He writes, " I do think that the study of political discourse can help more than any other thing to stimulate and form such qualities of character ".

Generally speaking, the study of rhetoric trains students to speak and / or write effectively, as well as critically understand and analyze discourse.

Human language and discourse, communication, philosophy, science, logic, mathematics, poetry, theology, and religion are only some of fields of human study and activity where grasping the nature of signs and symbols and patterns of signification may have a decisive value.

In linguistics, semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, and larger units of discourse ( termed texts ).

Traditionally, semantics has included the study of sense and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis, and the linkage of all of these to syntax.

As the Rabbis were required to face a new reality — mainly Judaism without a Temple ( to serve as the center of teaching and study ) and Judea without at least partial autonomy — there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained.

Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

* It is in this last sense, theology as an academic discipline involving rational study of Christian teaching, that the term passed into English in the fourteenth century, though it could also be used in the narrower sense found in Boethius and the Greek patristic authors, to mean rational study of the essential nature of God – a discourse now sometimes called Theology Proper.

His A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy published early in 1831 as part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising.

* A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy, part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia ( 1831, new edition 1840 );

Hence, within a field of intellectual enquiry, the practitioners occasionally debate “ What is ” and “ What is not ” discourse, according to the conceptual meanings ( denotation and connotation ) used in the given field of study.

In a study of media discourse on Falun Gong, researcher Leeshai Lemish found that Western news organizations also became less balanced, and more likely to uncritically present the narratives of the Communist Party, rather than those of Falun Gong or human rights groups.

The word comes from Greek μέτρον ( metron ), " measure " + " λόγος " ( logos ), amongst others meaning " speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason ".

The term derives from the Greek " δέρματος " ( dermatos ), genitive of " δέρμα " ( derma ), " skin " ( from " δέρω " – dero, " to flay ") + "- logy, " the study of ", a suffix derived from " λόγος " ( logos ), amongst others meaning " speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason ", in turn from " λέγω " – lego, " to say ", " to speak ".

In a formal study of the term " integrity " and its meaning in modern ethics, law professor Stephen L. Carter sees integrity not only as a refusal to engage in behavior that evades responsibility, but also as an understanding of different modes or styles in which discourse attempts to uncover a particular truth.