The concept of the bipolar spectrum is similar to that of Emil Kraepelin's original concept of manic depressive illness.

Currently, manic depressive illness is usually referred to as bipolar disorder or simply bipolar.

Bipolar disorder is a condition in which people experience intermittent abnormally elevated ( manic or hypomanic ) and, in many cases, abnormally depressed states for periods of time in a way that interferes with functioning.

Attention span is low, and a person in a manic state may be easily distracted.

At more extreme phases of bipolar I, a person in a manic state can begin to experience psychosis, or a break with reality, where thinking is affected along with mood.

Sleep disturbance is the most common prodromal symptom ; mood, psychomotor and appetite change, and anxiety can also occur up to three weeks before a manic episode develops.

The definition of rapid cycling most frequently cited in the literature ( including the DSM ) is that of Dunner and Fieve: at least four major depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed episodes are required to have occurred during a 12-month period.

The first known and " gold standard " mood stabilizer is lithium carbonate, which is effective in treating acute manic episodes, and preventing relapses, more so for manic than for depressive episodes.

Initially used as an anticonvulsant, sodium valproate has become a commonly prescribed treatment, and is effective in treating manic episodes.

Carbamazepine is effective in treating manic episodes, with some evidence it has greater benefit in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, or those with more psychotic manic symptoms or a more schizoaffective clinical picture.

Bipolar I disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by at least one manic or mixed episode.

The essential feature of bipolar I disorder is a clinical course characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes.

There is a hypothesized link between manic depression and hyper-sexuality, as put forward by Jarman et al.

Because mania and hypomania have also been associated with creativity and artistic talent, it is not always the case that the clearly manic bipolar person needs or wants medical help ; such persons often either retain sufficient self-control to function normally or are unaware that they have " gone manic " severely enough to be committed or to commit themselves.

Dysphoric mania is primarily manic and agitated depression is primarily depressed.

A single manic episode is sufficient to diagnose bipolar I disorder.

A manic episode is defined in the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual as a period of seven or more days ( or any period if admission to hospital is required ) of unusually and continuously effusive and open elated or irritable mood, where the mood is not caused by drugs / medication or a medical illness ( e. g., hyperthyroidism ), and ( a ) is causing obvious difficulties at work or in social relationships and activities, or ( b ) requires admission to hospital to protect the person or others, or ( c ) the person is suffering psychosis.

But there's one thing I never seen or heard of, one thing I just don't think there is, and that's a sportin' way o' killin' a man ''!!

As it is in so many affairs of the heart, a man and a woman meet and something clicks.

I clapped the big man with the bleached hair on his shoulder and said heartily, hoping it would make an impression on the women: `` This one is the maku Frayne.

He thought of the jungles below him, and of the wild, strange, untracked beauty there and he promised himself that someday he would return, on foot perhaps, to hunt in this last corner of the world where man is sometimes himself the hunted, and animals the lords.

With all respect to a fine young man, Mr. Roy is not able to provide these necessaries ''.

`` Billy Tilghman is too good a man to shoot in the back.

However, the system is designed, ingeniously and hopefully, so that no one man could initiate a thermonuclear war.

And Bill Wisman, forty-three, a farmer's son from Beallsville, Ohio, is a quiet but impressive man.

Idje, here '', and he nodded at the man, `` is said to have great odor.

`` I have just come from viewing a man who had made the fortune of his country, but now is working all night in order to support his family '', he reflected.

A new South is emerging after the post-bellum years of hesitation, uncertainty, and lack of action from the Negro in defining his new role in the amorphously defined socio-political organizations of the white man.

Writers openly admit that the Negro is easier to write than the white man ; ;

To my knowledge, Lincoln remains the only Head of State and Commander-in-Chief who, while fighting a fearful war whose issue was in doubt, proved man enough to say this publicly -- to give his foe the benefit of the fact that in all human truth there is some error, and in all our error, some truth.

So great a man could not but understand, too, that the thing that moves men to sacrifice their lives is not the error of their thought, which their opponents see and attack, but the truth which the latter do not see -- any more than they see the error which mars the truth they themselves defend.

We are desperately in the need of such invention, for man is still very much at the mercy of man.

It is difficult to reconstruct the primeval fears of man.

I knew that a conversation with the author would not settle such questions, because a man is not the same as his writing: in the last analysis, the questions had to be settled by the work itself.

It is not a substitute for sex but a dynamic expression of the creative impulse in unfettered man.

If love reflects the nature of man, as Ortega Y Gasset believes, if the person in love betrays decisively what he is by his behavior in love, then the writers of the beat generation are creating a new literary genre.

He is `` a man raving mad on the way to the churchyard ''.

All such imitations of negative quality have given rise to a compensatory response in the form of a heroic and highly individualistic humanism: if man can neither know nor love reality as it is, he can at least invent an artistic `` reality '' which is its own world and which can speak to man of purely personal and subjective qualities capable of being known and worthy of being loved.

`` This is a mighty empty country '', Morgan said.

This is the Rafter Aj.

Laurel is gone, my men are gone, Ed is dead -- and you come to me, to help me.

But California is where we're goin ''.

Clayton is with him, takin him out of the valley.

His wife had said to him: `` Nellie is in love with Clayton Roy.

California is too far, he thought.

`` The main bunch is outside, but there are some over there inside the wall ''.

`` No telling how good this horse is '', Mike panted.

My God, how long is he going to wait, I thought.

`` Gray Eyes is back,, Montero said.

`` This is Mitchell Barton.

That's really all he's got, all he is.

that is, to show no curiosity whatsoever.

`` But to take him and leave his mother behind is not good ''.

`` Exterminatin' cow thieves is just a business proposition with me '', he'd blandly announce.

It is possible, although highly doubtful, that he killed none at all but merely let his reputation work for him by privately claiming every unsolved murder in the state.

It is also possible, but equally doubtful, that he actually shot down the hundreds of men with which his legend credits him.

( The best evidence is that he received a monthly wage of about $125, very good money in an era when top hands worked for $30 and found.

He started toward the stairway, then turned to add, `` Tell her to come to Adams's room, that Adams is in trouble.

Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy, as a mother always does when a marriage is made, did not prevent her from having the first carefree, dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley, way, way back there when they were crossing those other mountains.

Let me pass over the trip to Sante Fe with something of the same speed which made Mrs. Roebuck `` wonduh if the wahtahm speed limit '' ( 35 m.p.h. ) `` is still in ee-faket ''.

I seized the rack and made a western-style flying-mount just in time, one of my knees mercifully landing on my duffel bag -- and merely wrecking my camera, I was to discover later -- my other knee landing on the slivery truck floor boards and -- but this is no medical report.

One of my virtues or vices is a sort of three-dimensional imagination complete with sound effects and glorious living color.