He found an essential clue in a 1924 paper by Edmund C. Stoner which pointed out that for a given value of the principal quantum number ( n ), the number of energy levels of a single electron in the alkali metal spectra in an external magnetic field, where all degenerate energy levels are separated, is equal to the number of electrons in the closed shell of the noble gases for the same value of n. This led Pauli to realize that the complicated numbers of electrons in closed shells can be reduced to the simple rule of one per state, if the electron states are defined using four quantum numbers.

simple: Wolfgang Pauli

simple: Sankt Pauli

This punishment might either be a simple exclusion from the list of senators, or the person might at the same time be excluded from the tribes and degraded to the rank of an aerarian.

This punishment might likewise be simple, or combined with the exclusion from the tribes and the degradation to the rank of an aerarian.

Even the broader definition of " carbon-containing molecules " requires the exclusion of carbon-containing alloys ( including steel ), a relatively small number of carbon-containing compounds such as metal carbonates and carbonyls, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon and simple carbon halides and sulfides, which are usually considered to be inorganic.

In London and Italy, the galant style was in the ascendent: simple, light music with a mania for cadencing ; an emphasis on tonic, dominant, and subdominant to the exclusion of other harmonies ; symmetrical phrases ; and clearly articulated partitions in the overall form of movements.

A simple example of why mutual exclusion is important in practice can be visualized using a singly linked list.

simple: Robots exclusion standard

It is usually functionally equivalent to a simple inverted form of another kind of voting: rather than voting " for " one votes " against " a list of candidates-usually one ( as in first past the post voting ), but if one can disapprove of as many as one chose, or rank them in order of desirability for exclusion, disapproval voting becomes functionally identical to approval voting and some ranked voting systems respectively.

The beauty of an independent and simple theme appeals to our aesthetic feeling with that directness, which tolerates no explanation, except, perhaps, that of its inherent fitness and the harmony of parts, to the exclusion of any alien factor.

A simple attempt at rendering this form of spam ineffective is to prevent the search engine spiders from crawling the site logs by moving them to a non-public area such as a password-protected area, by using a robot exclusion file, or by appending the nofollow value to the links.

slapt-get provides a simple configuration file format that includes an exclusion mechanism for use with the system upgrade option as well as declarations for all desired package sources.

A court in the United States will not necessarily honor a simple forum selection clause whereas it is likely to respect a clause that points to a specific forum with the express exclusion of others.

In addition there are four schemes of memory allocation provided, allocate only, allocate and free with a very simple, fast, algorithm, a more complex but fast allocate and free algorithm with memory coalescence, and C library allocate and free with some mutual exclusion protection.

The simple treaty principle that Gabriel was asking him to ratify, in short, was nothing less than total trust.

simple: Anthropic principle

Although computing a power spectrum from a map is in principle a simple Fourier transform, decomposing the map of the sky into spherical harmonics, in practice it is hard to take the effects of noise and foreground sources into account.

In principle, the constitutionality of laws in Finland is verified by a simple vote in the parliament ( see Parliamentary sovereignty ).

While the description of strong and weak interactions within the Standard Model is based on gauge symmetries governed by the simple symmetry groups SU ( 3 ) and SU ( 2 ) which allow only discrete charges, the remaining component, the weak hypercharge interaction is described by an abelian symmetry U ( 1 ) which in principle allows for arbitrary charge assignments.

The narrative structure allows for this diversity through simple stylistic devices such as the principle of ring composition, familiar since the time of Homer, in which the introduction and conclusion of a story or sub-plot is signalled by the repetition of some formulaic statement, facilitating the reader's comprehension of stories within stories in a kind of ' Chinese-box technique '— a structure that has no resemblance to the nine books artificially created by Alexandrian scholars.

A simple example of the operation of the principle can be seen when two rooms are connected by an open doorway and a sound is produced in a remote corner of one of them.

KISS is an acronym for the design principle articulated by Kelly Johnson, Keep it simple stupid !.

" The KISS principle states that most systems work best if they are kept simple rather than made complex, therefore simplicity should be a key goal in design and unnecessary complexity should be avoided.

simple: KISS ( principle )

Instead of didactic teaching, they stress a simple Neopagan principle: " Find the Divine within your own experience.

In the absence of nonlinear effects, the superposition principle can be used to predict the shape of interacting waveforms through the simple addition of the disturbances.

The claimed principle was simple: export of munitions — guns, bombs, planes, and software — was ( and remains ) restricted ; but the export of books is protected by the First Amendment.

Thus followed the line of Lomonosov and the contributions of the Russian school became more frequent through his disciples, and in the nineteenth century we have great geographers as Vasily Dokuchaev who performed works of great importance as a " principle of comprehensive analysis of the territory " and " Russian Chernozem " latter being the most important where introduces the geographical concept of soil, as distinct from a simple geological strata, and thus founding a new geographic area of study: the Pedology.

Security through obscurity has never achieved engineering acceptance as an approach to securing a system, as it contradicts the principle of " keeping it simple ".

Hence, Aquinas acknowledges the principle which today is known as Occam's Razor, but prefers causal explanations to other simple explanations ( cf.

This property, called the principle of superposition, is very useful, e. g., solutions to complex problems can be constructed by summing simple solutions.

For example, Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington claimed that the cosmological constant version of the vacuum field equation expressed the " epistemological " property that the universe is " self-gauging ", and Erwin Schrödinger's pure-affine theory using a simple variational principle produced the field equation with a cosmological term.

The core principle of spread spectrum is the use of noise-like carrier waves, and, as the name implies, bandwidths much wider than that required for simple point-to-point communication at the same data rate.

In The Elements of Style ( 1918 ), William Strunk concentrated on specific questions of usage — and the cultivation of good writing — with the recommendation " Make every word tell "; hence, the 17th principle of composition is the simple instruction: " Omit needless words.

In file systems lacking such naming mechanisms, drive letter assignment proved a useful, simple organizing principle.

The principle behind the nuclear ramjet was relatively simple: motion of the vehicle pushed air in through the front of the vehicle ( ram effect ), a nuclear reactor heated the air, and then the hot air expanded at high speed out through a nozzle at the back, providing thrust.

The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is valid for incompressible flows ( e. g. most liquid flows ) and also for compressible flows ( e. g. gases ) moving at low Mach numbers.

simple: Bernoulli's principle

Nevertheless, one has to keep in mind that electrons are fermions ruled by the Pauli exclusion principle and cannot be distinguished from the other electrons in the atom.

To prevent this unphysical situation from happening, Dirac proposed that a " sea " of negative-energy electrons fills the universe, already occupying all of the lower-energy states so that, due to the Pauli exclusion principle, no other electron could fall into them.

Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle ( only fermions do ), hole theory does not work for them.

* The electrons are bound into Cooper pairs, and these pairs are correlated due to the Pauli exclusion principle for the electrons, from which they are constructed.

Baryons are strongly interacting fermions — that is, they experience the strong nuclear force and are described by Fermi − Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle.

They were partly correct: a white dwarf slightly more massive than the Chandrasekhar limit will collapse into a neutron star, which is itself stable because of the Pauli exclusion principle.

The Pauli exclusion principle requires the electron to be lifted into the higher anti-bonding state of that bond.

Electron degeneracy pressure is a quantum-mechanical effect arising from the Pauli exclusion principle.

As a collection of electrons becomes more confined, their minimum momentum necessarily increases due to the Pauli exclusion principle.

In particle physics, a fermion ( a name coined by Paul Dirac from the surname of Enrico Fermi ) is any particle characterized by Fermi – Dirac statistics and following the Pauli exclusion principle ; fermions include all quarks and leptons, as well as any composite particle made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei.

This could explain why all known fermions have baryon or lepton quantum numbers and provide a physical mechanism for the Pauli exclusion principle.

The property of ferromagnetism is due to the direct influence of two effects from quantum mechanics: spin and the Pauli exclusion principle.

The exchange interaction is related to the Pauli exclusion principle, which says that two electrons with the same spin cannot also have the same " position ".

There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle.

This is known as the Pauli exclusion principle, and it is the fundamental reason behind the chemical properties of atoms and the stability of matter.

As we have seen, antisymmetry gives rise to the Pauli exclusion principle, which forbids identical fermions from sharing the same quantum state.

This is the Pauli exclusion principle for many particles.

Then, the electrons to be placed in the molecular orbitals are slotted in one by one, keeping in mind the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity ( only 2 electrons, having opposite spins, per orbital ; place as many unpaired electrons on one energy level as possible before starting to pair them ).

This is due, to some extent, to electrons combining into pairs with opposite intrinsic magnetic moments as a result of the Pauli exclusion principle ( see electron configuration ), or combining into filled subshells with zero net orbital motion.

While paired electrons are required by the Pauli exclusion principle to have their intrinsic (' spin ') magnetic moments pointing in opposite directions, causing their magnetic fields to cancel out, an unpaired electron is free to align its magnetic moment in any direction.

Neutron stars are very hot and are supported against further collapse by quantum degeneracy pressure due to the Pauli exclusion principle.

This means they are fermions not bosons, and therefore, like electrons, they are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle.

This extra energy results from the Pauli exclusion principle allowing an extra neutron to occupy the same nuclear orbital as the last neutron in the nucleus, so that the two form a pair.

File: Pauli. jpg | Wolfgang Pauli ( 1900-1958 ): pioneers of quantum physics, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945 ( nominated by Albert Einstein ), formulated the Pauli exclusion principle involving spin theory ( underpinning the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry ), published the Pauli – Villars regularization, formulated the Pauli equation, coined the phrase ' not even wrong '