To the pope, head of the universal Church, to the duke of Burgundy, taking full advantage of his position on the borders of France and of the Empire, or to Othon, who found it quite natural that he should do homage to Edward for Tipperary and to the count of Savoy for Grandson, Flotte's outspoken nationalism was completely incomprehensible.

The election was for life, unless the abbot was canonically deprived by the chiefs of his order, or when he was directly subject to them, by the pope or the bishop.

Angilbert delivered the document on Iconoclasm from the Frankish Synod of Frankfurt to Pope Adrian I, and was later sent on three important embassies to the pope, in 792, 794 and 796.

He studied theology and canon law, and after acting as parish priest in his native diocese for twelve years was sent by the pope to Canada as a bishop's chaplain.

The help which he wanted from the West was simply mercenary forces and not the immense hosts which arrived, to his consternation and embarrassment, after the pope preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont later that same year.

Algardi, on the other hand, was embraced by the new pope and the pope's nephew, Camillo Pamphilj.

This solution was opposed by the new pope, Eugene IV, who was nominal feudal lord of the King of Naples.

The aim of the council was to end the schism ; to this end they deposed Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and elected the new pope Alexander V in 1409.

Alexander V died soon after, and on 25 May 1410 Cossa was consecrated pope, taking the name John XXIII.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

Martin V was elected as new pope in 1417.

In 893, a new pope, Formosus, not trusting the newly crowned co-emperors Guy and Lambert, sent an embassy to Omuntesberch, where Arnulf was holding a Diet with Svatopluk, to request Arnulf come and liberate Italy, where he would be crowned in Rome.

Then the archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen had a falling-out with the pope and in 1105 a separate archbishopric for the North was established in Lund.

During the early centuries of Christianity the title " pope " was applied generally to all bishops ; it now has more specific meanings that vary between churches.

The pope previously used the title Patriarch of the West, but this title was dropped from use in 2006 a move which caused some concern within the Orthodox Communion as, to them, it implied wider papal jurisdiction.

By consummate tact and boldness Acquaviva succeeded in playing the king against the pope, and Sixtus against Philip.

Allen was then once more in Rome, having been summoned by the pope after a dangerous illness two years before.

*: Itm the laste day delived unto the kings grace whiche his grace lost at pope July game wt my lady marquess and m Weston xvj cor

In abbeys exempt from the ( arch ) bishop's diocesan jurisdiction, the confirmation and benediction had to be conferred by the pope in person, the house being taxed with the expenses of the new abbot's journey to Rome.

Popes and sovereigns gradually encroached on the rights of the monks, until in Italy the pope had usurped the nomination of all abbots, and the king in France, with the exception of Cluny, Premontré and other houses, chiefs of their order.

Persons who claim to be pope, but have few followers, such as the modern sedevacantist antipopes, are not classified with the historical antipopes.

According to Asser, because of Pope Marinus ’ friendship with King Alfred, the pope granted an exemption to any Anglo-Saxons residing within Rome from tax or tribute.

The arrangement mirrors the one designed by Bernini for the Tomb of Urban VIII ( 1628 – 47 ), with a central hieratic sculpture of the pope seated in full regalia and offering a hand of blessing, while at his feet, two allegorical female figures flank his sarcophagus.

Other reforms included the always delicate matters with the pope.

René, whose possession included now only part of the Abruzzi and Naples, obtained 10, 000 men from the pope, but the cardinal leading them signed a truce with Alfonso.

Following his election as pope, John spent a year in Bologna and then joined forces with Louis II of Anjou to march against Ladislaus.

In the Catholic Church the Congregation for Bishops oversees the selection of new bishops with the approval of the pope.

This also applies in those Eastern churches which are in union with the pope, though it is required that he give assent.

The church was enriched with gifts from the pope, and Henry II had it dedicated in honor of him.

But as the pope gained greater political independence, the right of election was with the bull In nomine Domini reserved to cardinals in 1059, leaving the emperor only with a vague right of approbation.

Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.

In the past, during papal coronations, the Proto-Deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara.

To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal ( as with a bishop's episcopal ring ).

The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it is a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side.

Cardinals have in canon law a " privilege of forum " ( i. e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank ): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction ( cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed ).

He acquaints the pope with the imputations brought against him, and he is particularly severe with the memory of Pope Vigilius.

By decree of pope Leo X they were created papal nobles, ranking as Comes palatinus (' Count Palatine '), familiars and members of the papal household, so that they might enjoy all the privileges of domestic prelates and of prelates in actual attendance on the Pope, as regards plurality of benefices as well as expectives.

A decree of Pope Alexander III, 1170, gave the prerogative to the pope thenceforth, so far as the Western Church was concerned .”

A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope ; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore.

If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time.

Henry IV became so filled with hubris over his position, that he renounced Gregory VII and named the bishop of Ravenna pope.

Pope Boniface VIII his extraordinary shortness of stature led the pope to believe he was kneeling, and to ask him three times to rise, to the immense merriment of the cardinals ; and that he had a daughter, Novella, so accomplished in law as to be able to read her father's lectures in his absence, and so beautiful, that she had to read behind a curtain lest her face should distract the attention of the students.

The pope was understood to have the power to draw on the " treasury " of merit built up by the saints and by Christ, so that he could grant indulgences, reducing one's time in purgatory.

The election of the pope almost always takes place in the Sistine Chapel, in a sequestered meeting called a " conclave " ( so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, cum clave, i. e., with key, until they elect a new pope ).

Though unique for each pope, the arms are always surmounted by the two keys in saltire ( i. e., crossed over one another so as to form an X ) behind the escutcheon ( shield ) ( one silver key and one gold key, tied with a red cord ), and above them a silver triregnum with three gold crowns and red infulae ( lappets — two strips of fabric hanging from the back of the triregnum which fall over the neck and shoulders when worn ).

Adrian, who had never before been to Rome, was so ignorant of affairs that he had written asking that some suitable lodgings be obtained for him in Rome whence he could discharge his duties as pope.

His life as a pope so vile, so foul, so execrable, that I shudder to think of it.

The death of Pope John XIV meant that Boniface was the only remaining pope, and so he once again took a hold of the papal throne.

According to contemporary John Bargrave, in 1636 members of the Spanish faction of the College of Cardinals were so horrified by the conduct of Pope Urban VIII that they conspired to have him arrested and imprisoned ( or killed ) so that they could replace him with a new pope ; namely Laudivio Zacchia.

It is the business of the pope to look after the interests of the Roman empire, since the empire derives its origin and its final authority from the papacy ; its origin, because it was originally transferred from Greece by and for the sake of the papacy ... its final authority, because the emperor is raised to his position by the pope who blesses him, crowns him and invests him with the empire .... Therefore, since three persons have lately been elected king by different parties, namely the youth son of Henry VI, Philip Hohenstaufen, brother of Henry VI, and Otto Brunswick, of the Welf family, so also three things must be taken into account in regard to each one, namely: the legality, the suitability and the expediency of his election ...... Far be it from us that we should defer to man rather than to God, or that we should fear the countenance of the powerful .... On the foregoing grounds, then, we decide that the youth should not at present be given the empire ; we utterly reject Philip for his manifest unfitness and we order his usurpation to be resisted by all .... since Otto is not only himself devoted to the church, but comes from devout ancestors on both sides ..... therefore we decree that he ought to be accepted and supported as king, and ought to be given the crown of empire, after the rights of the Roman church have been secured.

Since the only person who could crown Eustace was Archbishop Theobald, who refused to do so without agreement from the current pope, Eugene III, the matter reached an impasse.

More important, the pope forbade ecclesiastical officials under pain of excommunication to support Henry as they had so freely done in the past.