The election was for life, unless the abbot was canonically deprived by the chiefs of his order, or when he was directly subject to them, by the pope or the bishop.

The wall was beginning to collapse when Constantine sent a letter to the pope asking for help.

Some proposed that the Synod of Bishops should perform this function, a proposal that was not accepted, because, among other reasons, the Synod of Bishops can only meet when called by the pope.

To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal ( as with a bishop's episcopal ring ).

The Holy Roman Emperors of Ottonian Dynasty, when they came to the throne, believed they should have the power to appoint the pope.

After 1570, when the pope declared her illegitimate and released her subjects from obedience to her, several conspiracies threatened her life.

The final vote, with a choice only between placet and non placet, was taken on 18 July 1870, with 433 votes in favour and only 2 against defining as a dogma the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra.

Europe had come to expect an end to the Investiture controversy, and was not willing to return to the old days when the Holy Roman Emperor named the pope.

This issue came to the fore in the first part of the eleventh century when Rome and the pope sought autonomy from the Holy Roman Emperor.

Wycliffe's influence was never greater than at the moment when pope and antipope sent their ambassadors to England to gain recognition for themselves.

Over the centuries, papal claims of spiritual authority have been ever more firmly expressed, culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for rare occasions when the pope speaks ex cathedra — literally " from the chair ( of St. Peter )"— to issue a formal definition of faith or morals.

The earliest recorded use of the title " pope " in English dates to the mid-10th century, when it was used in reference to Pope Vitalian in an Old English translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

In 1870, the First Vatican Council proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility for those rare occasions the pope speaks ex cathedra when issuing a solemn definition of faith or morals.

In recent centuries, when a pope was judged to have died, it was reportedly traditional for the Cardinal Chamberlain to confirm the death ceremonially by gently tapping the pope's head thrice with a silver hammer, calling his birth name each time.

Though unique for each pope, the arms are always surmounted by the two keys in saltire ( i. e., crossed over one another so as to form an X ) behind the escutcheon ( shield ) ( one silver key and one gold key, tied with a red cord ), and above them a silver triregnum with three gold crowns and red infulae ( lappets — two strips of fabric hanging from the back of the triregnum which fall over the neck and shoulders when worn ).

The first expansion of papal rule outside of Rome came in 728 with the Donation of Sutri, which in turn was substantially increased in 754, when the Frankish ruler Pippin the Younger gave to the pope the land from his conquest of the Lombards.

Alexander confirmed the grant in 1255 in return for 2000 ounces of gold per annum, the service of 300 knights for three months when required, and 135, 541 marks to reimburse the pope for the money he had expended attempting to oust Manfred from Sicily.

On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope since 1870 to make pastoral visits in his Diocese of Rome, when he visited children infected with polio at the Bambino Gesù Hospital and then visited Santo Spirito Hospital.

He made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an extensive visit to the United States in 1936 where he met Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed a personal envoy – who did not require Senate confirmation – to the Holy See in December 1939, re-establishing a diplomatic tradition that had been broken since 1870 when the pope lost temporal power.

Rosemary and Darroll Pardoe, authors of The Female Pope: The Mystery of Pope Joan, theorize that if a female pope did exist, a more plausible time frame is 1086 and 1108, when there were several Antipopes ; during this time the reign of the legitimate Popes Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II was not always established in Rome, since the city was occupied by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and later sacked by the Normans.

Boniface VII was not yet considered an antipope when the next pope of that same regal name was elected.

However, when Otto the Great designated Benedict VI as the next pope, the Crescentii family, along with most of the Roman people, began to feel indignation towards the emperor because they felt he was interfering too much in the papal elections.

Boniface's political ambitions directly affected Dante when the pope, under the pretense of peacemaking, invited Charles of Valois to intervene in the affairs of Florence.

The pope's agents also now sold not simply a vacant benefice but the expectation of one ; and when an expectation had been sold, if another offered a larger sum for it, the pope voided the first sale.

I was stumbling in my undershirt trying to find my way around her damn kitchenette when I smelt that sickish sweet hairtonic smell.

Snakes have been observed yawning and gaping when trying to swallow an African clawed frog ( Xenopus spp.

The Sealab 2021 character Jodene Sparks references A Modest Proposal when trying to convince Debbie DuPree to eat her own baby.

Swapping among three parties often helps satisfy tastes when trying to get around the rule that money is not allowed.

Diddley was an excellent story teller whose stories varied from time to time, however, Diddley contended to friends and family that he was not trying to double-cross Sullivan and attributed the " misunderstanding " to the fact that ; when he saw " Bo Diddley " on a cue card, he was under the impression he was to perform two songs, " Bo Diddley " and " Sixteen Tons ".

Davy was trying to isolate calcium ; when he heard that Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, he tried it himself.

These conflicting properties caused disruptions when trying to classify it as a wave or particle.

Coronal loops have become very important when trying to understand the current coronal heating problem.

* Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time ( 1995 ) – the genius in question was John Harrison, who spent decades trying to convince the British Admiralty of the accuracy of his naval timepieces and their use in determining longitude when at sea in order to win the longitude prize.

Instead, it was found more effective when only trying to learn important information.

Even those choices where some randomness was part of the natural system ( such as when to throw a surprise pitch-out to try to trick a runner trying to steal a base ) were decided based on probabilities supplied by Weaver or La Russa.

The maturation of the structure and coloration of the new exoskeleton might take days or weeks in a long-lived insect ; this can raise problems in trying to identify the species when a specimen has just recently undergone ecdysis.

The conjecture was first proposed in 1852 when Francis Guthrie, while trying to color the map of counties of England, noticed that only four different colors were needed.

A Japanese fishing vessel is trying to find its way to shore in a horrible storm while near an uninhabited island, when a giant monster appears and attacks the boat.

A handler's finger may involuntarily move for any of several reasons: the handler is startled, a lack of full attention on body movements, physiological reasons beyond conscious control such as a spasm, stumbling or falling, or the finger being pushed by something ( as when trying to holster a handgun with one's finger on the trigger ).

Hydrofoils are still considered exotic by many commercial operators of high-speed craft and many will not take the risk of trying such exotic vessels when they have no experience operating them.

The Gathering occurs in modern-day ( 1985 ) New York City, when the Highlander, who has fallen in love again despite trying to cut himself off from humanity, narrowly defeats his powerful and evil enemy, The Kurgan, whom he has encountered repeatedly over the previous centuries, and who has slain Ramírez and many others.

In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for " mug ", Keller became so frustrated she broke the doll.

Livestock breeders often practice controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics within a population, which is also coupled with culling of what is considered unfit offspring, especially when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock.

Douglas Hunter, in Half Moon ( 2009 ), believes Hudson may not have mentioned his supposed discovery of the island because he was " loath to address a crew insurrection that might well have erupted at that time, when the men realized where he was trying to take them.

* 1794 – Robert Forsythe, a U. S. Marshal is killed in Augusta, Georgia when trying to serve court papers, the first US marshal to die while carrying out his duties.

* 1863 – American Civil War: Morgan's Raid – At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan's raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River.

One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came in 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax cuts and promote tax increases.

There is one known case where a person died when trying to become a breatharian.