Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version: Kepler knew of Osiander's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber's annotations in his copy of De Revolutionibus ; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler.

Johannes Praetorius ( 1537 – 1616 ), who learned of Osiander's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in Kraków, wrote Osiander's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of De revolutionibus.

He was against the Leipzig Interim ( 1548 ) with its compromise on some Catholic usages, and was involved in controversies and quarrels ; with Georgius Merula, against whom he maintained the need of exorcism in baptism ; with Osiander's adherents in the matter of justification ; with his colleague, Nicholas von Amsdorf, to whom he had resigned the Eisenach superintendency ; with Flacius Illyricus, and others.

Osiander's interest in astronomy was theological, hoping for " improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible ... shared in the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore, needed to be corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations.

Osiander's Italian pal, Dr. Cardano, who cures the asthmatic Archbishop John Hamilton, executed for helping Mary, Queen of Scots, whose lover, the explosive bearing Earl of Bothwell, ends up in Scandinavia with a friend of astronomer Tycho Brahe, whose assistant, Willem Blaeu, makes maps updated in the first true atlas by the Englishman Dudley, working in Italy for Bernardo Buontalenti, who got opera started, which was a rave success, especially with the French Cardinal Mazarin, whose library inspired the secretary of the English navy, which eventually buys French semaphore, after which Gamble gets the patent for canned food that feeds explorers like Hooker, who transplanted rubber trees to Sri Lanka.

After Osiander's death in 1552, Albert favoured a preacher named Johann Funck, who, with an adventurer named Paul Skalić, exercised great influence over him and obtained considerable wealth at public expense.

As even Osiander's defenders point out, the Ad lectorem " expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus ' claims for his own theory ".

Schreiber, who died in 1547, left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander's authorship.

The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander's doing.

They became good friends, and during that July Cranmer took the surprising action of marrying Margarete, the niece of Osiander's wife.

Osiander's son Lukas ( 1534 – 1604 ), and grandsons Andreas ( 1562 – 1617 ) and Lukas ( 1571 – 1638 ) also worked as theologians.

Many view Osiander's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus, and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book's author.

All three early editions of De revolutionibus included Osiander's foreword.

It also appears that divergence of the three groups took place in the Paleozoic or early Mesozoic before the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea and soon after their divergence from the lobe-finned fish.

According to Steven H Silver, alternate history requires three things: 1 ) the story must have a point of divergence from the history of our world prior to the time at which the author is writing, 2 ) a change that would alter history as it is known, and 3 ) an examination of the ramifications of that change.

Pre-Angkorian Khmer, the language after its divergence from Proto-Mon – Khmer until the ninth century, is only known from words and phrases in Sanskrit texts of the era.

The divergence of carnivorans from other miacids, as well as the divergence of the two clades within Carnivora, Caniformia and Feliformia, is now inferred to have happened in the middle Eocene, about 42 million years ago ( mya ).

Owing respectively to Green's theorem and the divergence theorem, such a field is necessarily conserved and free from sources or sinks, having net flux equal to zero through any open domain.

* In Scotland, the Disruption of 1843 refers to the divergence from the Church of Scotland of the Free Church of Scotland

More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume around a given point.

Continuing the divergence from rock and roll and blues begun by his work with Farthingale, Bowie joined forces with Finnigan, Christina Ostrom and Barrie Jackson to run a folk club on Sunday nights at the Three Tuns pub in Beckenham High Street.

The origin of the divergence of the term " extreme sports " from " sports " may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway.

According to genetic studies, divergence of primates from other mammals began and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around.

In the 1990s several teams of paleoanthropologists were working throughout Africa looking for evidence of the earliest divergence of the Hominin lineage from the great apes.

Nearly all modern non-African humans have 1 % to 4 % of their DNA derived from Neanderthal DNA, and this finding is consistent with recent studies indicating that the divergence of some human alleles dates to one Ma, although the interpretation of these studies has been questioned.

While the divergence point of the mtDNA was unexpectedly deep in time, the full genomic sequence suggested the Denisovans belonged to the same lineage as Neanderthals, with the two diverging shortly after their line split from that giving rise to modern humans.

This divergence from tradition led some of his colleagues, including Andre Weitzenhoffer, to dispute whether Erickson was right to label his approach " hypnosis " at all.

This is often recalculated as the divergence from the product of the marginal distributions to the actual joint distribution:

Another interpretation of KL divergence is this: suppose a number X is about to be drawn randomly from a discrete set with probability distribution p ( x ).

On the other hand the light from a semiconductor laser typically exits the tiny crystal with a large divergence: up to 50 °.

Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2, 000 years ago.

Conversely, the cultural divergence at the border became sharper: in theory, a uniform French identity extends from the Atlantic coast to the Rhine, and on the other bank of the Rhine, a uniform German identity begins.

* Div ( divergence ) is a vector operator that measures a vector field's divergence from or convergence towards a given point.

Conversely, Elijah Delmedigo ( c. 1458 – c. 1493 ), in his Bechinat ha-Dat endeavored to show that the Zohar could not be attributed to Shimon bar Yochai, arguing that if it were his work, the Zohar would have been mentioned by the Talmud, as has been the case with other works of the Talmudic period, that had bar Yochai known by divine revelation the hidden meaning of the precepts, his decisions on Jewish law from the Talmudic period would have been adopted by the Talmud, that it would not contain the names of rabbis who lived at a later period than that of Simeon ; and that if the Kabbalah was a revealed doctrine, there would have been no divergence of opinion among the Kabbalists concerning the mystic interpretation of the precepts.

From the late 1920s the Russian avant-garde experienced direct and harsh criticism from the authorities and in 1934 the doctrine of Socialist Realism became official policy, and prohibited abstraction and divergence of artistic expression.

St. Thomas definitively expressed the doctrine that, after some controversies between Scotists and Thomists upon minor points and subtleties, and with some divergence of opinion upon unimportant details, is now the common teaching of Catholic theologians and philosophers.

Therefore, the divergence of is given by

If we use a cylindrical coordinate system with basis vectors, then the gradient of and the divergence of are given by

This divergence between American English and British English once caused George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are " two countries divided by a common language "; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston Churchill.

More rigorously, the divergence of a vector field F at a point p is defined as the limit of the net flow of F across the smooth boundary of a three dimensional region V divided by the volume of V as V shrinks to p. Formally,

The intuition that the sum of all sources minus the sum of all sinks should give the net flow outwards of a region is made precise by the divergence theorem.

The divergence is then the function defined by

In Einstein notation, the divergence of a contravariant vector is given by

Equivalently, some authors define the divergence of any mixed tensor by using the " musical notation #":

Paradoxically, it is possible to reduce the divergence of a laser beam by first expanding it with one convex lens, and then collimating it with a second convex lens whose focal point is coincident with that of the first lens.

Ethnicity, being largely developed by a divergence in geography, language, culture, genes and similarly, point of view, has the potential to be countered by a common source of information.

In evolution, the most important role of such chromosomal rearrangements may be to accelerate the divergence of a population into new species by making populations less likely to interbreed, and thereby preserving genetic differences between these populations.

It was widely supported in the Edinburgh and London schools of higher anatomy around 1830, notably by Robert Edmond Grant, but was opposed by Karl Ernst von Baer's ideas of divergence, and attacked by Richard Owen in the 1830s.

Heaviside employed the curl and divergence operators of the vector calculus to reformulate 12 of these 20 equations into four equations in four variables ( B, E, J, and ρ ), the form by which they have been known ever since ( see Maxwell's equations ).

The Revised Julian calendar, also known as the Rectified Julian calendar, or, less formally, New calendar, is a calendar, originated in 1923, which effectively discontinued the 340 years of divergence between the naming of dates sanctioned by those Eastern Orthodox churches adopting it and the Gregorian calendar that has come to predominate worldwide.

Focusing on the effect of sexual conflict, as hypothezised by William Rice, Locke Rowe et Göran Arnvist, Thierry Lodé underlines that the divergence of interest constitutes a key for evolutionary process.

He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:

Because tools are used extensively by both humans and wild chimpanzees, it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species.