However, the discrete and separate nature of the molecular concept usually requires that molecular ions be present only in well-separated form, such as a directed beam in a vacuum in a mass spectrograph.

However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission.

However, the action of the anion accepting the cation's valence electrons and the subsequent attraction of the ions to each other releases energy and thus lowers the overall energy of the system.

However, 2 + ions ( Be < sup > 2 +</ sup >) or even 1 + ( Li < sup >+</ sup >) show some polarizing power because their sizes are so small ( e. g., LiI is ionic but has some covalent bonding present ).

However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

However, sodium is considered an extremely undesirable contaminant in MOSFET fabrication because it degrades the insulating properties of gate oxides ( specifically, sodium ions can migrate in and out of the gate, changing the threshold voltage of the transistor and making it harder or easier to turn the transistor on over time ).

However, it is possible to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions directly, if the electrode is calibrated in terms of hydrogen ion concentrations.

However, like caesium, rubidium ions are handled by living organisms in a manner similar to potassium ions, being actively taken up by plants and by animal cells.

For example, all salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium are soluble in water, as are all nitrates and many sulfate salts except barium sulfate, calcium sulfate ( sparingly soluble ) and Lead ( 2 ) sulfate However, ions that bind tightly to each other and form highly stable lattices would be less soluble, because it would be harder for these structures to break apart for the compounds to dissolve.

However, the + 1 state, which is far more prominent in thallium than the elements above it, recalls the chemistry of alkali metals, and thallium ( I ) ions are found geologically mostly in potassium-based ores, and ( when ingested ) are handled in many ways like potassium ions ( K < sup >+</ sup >) by ion pumps in living cells.

However, in sharp contrast to surfactant micelles, the interior of a casein micelle is highly hydrated The caseins in the micelles are held together by calcium ions and hydrophobic interactions.

However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission.

However, the magnesium ion is not directly involved in the photosynthetic function and can be replaced by other divalent ions with little loss of activity.

However, at the same time, potassium nitrate also formed, from the potassium ions in the iodide and the nitrate ions in the silver.

However no filtration can remove substances that are actually dissolved in the water such as phosphorus, nitrates and heavy metal ions.

However, at the cathode, instead of sodium ions being reduced to sodium metal, water molecules are reduced to hydroxide ions ( OH ) and hydrogen gas ( H < sub > 2 </ sub >).

However, these ions affect optical properties rendering the mineral opaque in contrast to the transparent titanium dioxide TiO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

However, the problem still remained insurmountable, until in 1953 Max Perutz discovered that the phase problem in analysis of the diffraction patterns could be solved by multiple isomorphous replacement — comparison of patterns from several crystals ; one from the native protein, and others that had been soaked in solutions of heavy metals and had metal ions introduced in different well-defined positions.

However, an inward flux of extracellular calcium ions through L-type calcium channels sustains the depolarization of cardiac muscle cells for a longer duration.

However, due to absorbing a high amount of ' negative ions ' from the season finale of the previous season, he was unable to take the Gold Ranger powers.

However, in a book written in Burmese titled The Thirty Comrades, the author Kyaw Nyein gave Ne Win's date of birth as 10 July 1910.

However, Ne Win remained leader of the party and thus remained the ultimate political authority in the land until his resignation in 1988.

However, Ne is subservient to the inward, concrete focus of Si.

However, Ti cannot match the activity of Ne, which leads the ENTP to juggle multiple projects and theoretical enterprises at any given time, in various stages of completion.

However, on October 18, current prime minister Netanyahu ordered Justice minister Ya ' akov Ne ' eman to extend Cabinet-level debate on the bill in order to add amendments which make the loyalty oath universal to both Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of the state, including Jewish immigrants who seek citizenship.

However, this was significantly less successful than conventional regulation in the European Union, which saw a decrease of over 70 % in SO < sub > 2 </ sub > emissions during the same time period.

However, Beethoven did not retain this version, and kept rewriting until he had found its final form, with the words < em lang =" de ">" O Freunde, nicht diese Töne "</ em > (" O friends, not these tones ").

However, later evidence gave a much lower SF branching for < sup > 261 </ sup > Bh reducing confidence in this assignment.

However, it is expensive to grow and wastes space proportional to 2 < sup > h </ sup >-n for a tree of depth h with n nodes.

However, there will be several terms of the form x < sup > n − 2 </ sup > y < sup > 2 </ sup >, one for each way of choosing exactly two binomials to contribute a y.

However, as 1 + ( k + 1 ) x + kx < sup > 2 </ sup > ≥ 1 + ( k + 1 ) x ( since kx < sup > 2 </ sup > ≥ 0 ), it follows that ( 1 + x )< sup > k + 1 </ sup > ≥ 1 + ( k + 1 ) x, which means the statement is true for r = k + 1 as required.

< cite id = disputedinjunction > The Vatican archives contain an unsigned copy of a more strongly worded formal injunction purporting to have been served on Galileo shortly after Bellarmine's admonition, ordering him " not to hold, teach, or defend " the condemned doctrine " in any way whatever, either orally or in writing ", and threatening him with imprisonment if he refused to obey .</ cite > However, whether this injunction was ever properly served on Galileo is a subject of much scholarly disagreement.

However, the law of mass action is valid only for concerted one-step reactions that proceed through a single transition state and is not valid in general because rate equations do not, in general, follow the stoichiometry of the reaction as Guldberg and Waage had proposed ( see, for example, nucleophilic aliphatic substitution by S < sub > N </ sub > 1 or reaction of hydrogen and bromine to form hydrogen bromide ).

IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example < sup > 12 </ sup > C and < sup > 235 </ sup > U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used.

However, some biological substances commonly called " monosaccharides " do not conform to this formula ( e. g., uronic acids and deoxy-sugars such as fucose ), and there are many chemicals that do conform to this formula but are not considered to be monosaccharides ( e. g., formaldehyde CH < sub > 2 </ sub > O and inositol ( CH < sub > 2 </ sub > O )< sub > 6 </ sub >).

However, ocean acidification by invading anthropogenic CO < sub > 2 </ sub > may affect the biological pump by negatively impacting calcifying organisms such as coccolithophores, foraminiferans and pteropods.

However, current research shows that several trapping mechanisms immobilize the CO < sub > 2 </ sub > underground, reducing the risk of leakage.

However, the converse may fail in non-Euclidean R < sup > n </ sup >.

However, it has higher resistivity and dielectric strength than most insulators commonly available in microfabrication ( 10 < sup > 16 </ sup > Ω · cm and 10 MV / cm, respectively ).

However, SO < sub > 2 </ sub > emissions are usually significantly higher.

However, more commonly the unit mol / L (= mol / dm < sup > 3 </ sup >) is used.

However Newton's laws of motion apply only in the stationary frame and describe dynamics in terms of the absolute acceleration d < sup > 2 </ sup > r / dt < sup > 2 </ sup >.

However, more recent experiments have demonstrated that cells whose centrioles have been removed via laser ablation can still progress through the G < sub > 1 </ sub > stage of interphase before centrioles can be synthesized later in a de novo fashion.

" Columbia University </ ref > However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO < sub > 2 </ sub >, which contributes to global warming.

However, for optimal ligation efficiency with cohesive-ended fragments (" sticky ends "), the optimal enzyme temperature needs to be balanced with the melting temperature T < sub > m </ sub > ( also the annealing temperature ) of the sticky ends being ligated.