Given a field F, the assertion “ F is algebraically closed ” is equivalent to other assertions:

Given any vector space V over a field F, the dual space V * is defined as the set of all linear maps ( linear functionals ).

) Given a smooth Φ < sup > t </ sup >, an autonomous vector field can be derived from it.

Given the difficulty of finding exact solutions, Einstein's field equations are also solved frequently by numerical integration on a computer, or by considering small perturbations of exact solutions.

Given a field K, the corresponding general linear groupoid GL < sub >*</ sub >( K ) consists of all invertible matrices whose entries range over K. Matrix multiplication interprets composition.

Given a vector space V over the field R of real numbers, a function is called sublinear if

" Given that science continually seeks to adjust its theories structurally to fit the facts, i. e., adjusts its maps to fit the territory, and thus advances more rapidly than any other field, he believed that the key to understanding sanity would be found in the study of the methods of science ( and the study of structure as revealed by science ).

Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit the replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances.

Given the union's commitment to international solidarity, its efforts and success in the field come as no surprise.

Given two affine spaces and, over the same field, a function is an affine map if and only if for every family of weighted points in such that

Given that this is a plane wave, each vector represents the magnitude and direction of the electric field for an entire plane that is perpendicular to the axis.

Given a bounded sequence, there exists a closed ball that contains the image of ( is a subset of the scalar field ).

Given a vector space V over a field K, the span of a set S ( not necessarily finite ) is defined to be the intersection W of all subspaces of V which contain S. W is referred to as the subspace spanned by S, or by the vectors in S. Conversely, S is called a spanning set of W.

Given any such interpretation of a set of points as complex numbers, the points constructible using valid compass and straightedge constructions alone are precisely the elements of the smallest field containing the original set of points and closed under the complex conjugate and square root operations ( to avoid ambiguity, we can specify the square root with complex argument less than π ).

Given a subset S in R < sup > n </ sup >, a vector field is represented by a vector-valued function V: S → R < sup > n </ sup > in standard Cartesian coordinates ( x < sub > 1 </ sub >, ..., x < sub > n </ sub >).

Given a differentiable manifold M, a vector field on M is an assignment of a tangent vector to each point in M. More precisely, a vector field F is a mapping from M into the tangent bundle TM so that is the identity mapping

Given a core geometry, the B field needed for a given force can be calculated from ( 2 ); if it comes out to much more than 1. 6 T, a larger core must be used.

Given such a field, an absolute value can be defined on it.

Given a locally compact topological field K, an absolute value can be defined as follows.

Given a grid point field of geopotential height, storm tracks can be visualized by contouring its average standard deviation, after the data has been band-pass filtered.

Given an algebraically closed field A containing K, there is a unique splitting field L of p between K and A, generated by the roots of p. If K is a subfield of the complex numbers, the existence is automatic.

Given a separable extension K ′ of K, a Galois closure L of K ′ is a type of splitting field, and also a Galois extension of K containing K ′ that is minimal, in an obvious sense.

Given the importance of reason, Clement stresses apatheia as a reasonable ordering of our passions in order to live within God's love, which is seen as a form of truth.

Given an-element array with an ordering relation as an input for the sorting, consider it as a collection of cards, with the ( unknown in the beginning ) statistical ordering of each element serving as its index.

Given that a preference ordering allows deriving its associated knowledge base but also allows performing a single step of revision, studies on iterated revision have been concentrated on how a preference ordering should be changed in response of a revision.

Given this ordering of A, a subset B of A is cofinal in A if for every a ∈ A there is a b ∈ B such that a ⊃ b.

Given the first n digits of Ω and a k ≤ n, the algorithm enumerates the domain of F until enough elements of the domain have been found so that the probability they represent is within 2 < sup >-( k + 1 )</ sup > of Ω.

Given a group G, a factor group G / N is abelian if and only if ≤ N.

Given a set S with a partial order ≤, an infinite descending chain is a chain V that is a subset of S upon which ≤ defines a total order such that V has no least element, that is, an element m such that for all elements n in V it holds that m ≤ n.

Given constants C, D and V, there are only finitely many ( up to diffeomorphism ) compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature | K | ≤ C, diameter ≤ D and volume ≥ V.

Given constants C, D and V, there are only finitely many homotopy types of compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature K ≥ C, diameter ≤ D and volume ≥ V.

Given two states p and q in S, q simulates p, written p ≤ q if there is a simulation R such that ( p, q ) ∈ R. The relation ≤ is a preorder, and is usually called the simulation preorder.

Given two integers a and b, with b ≠ 0, there exist unique integers q and r such that a = bq + r and 0 ≤ r < | b |, where | b | denotes the absolute value of b.

Given any r on this sphere, and an angle – π < a ≤ π, the versor is on the 3-sphere of H.

Given a set of observations ( x < sub > 1 </ sub >, x < sub > 2 </ sub >, …, x < sub > n </ sub >), where each observation is a d-dimensional real vector, k-means clustering aims to partition the n observations into k sets ( k ≤ n ) S =

Given an 80-bit key k < sub > 0 </ sub > ... k < sub > 79 </ sub > and an l-bit IV v < sub > 0 </ sub > ... v < sub > l − 1 </ sub > ( where 0 ≤ l ≤ 80 ), Trivium is initialized as follows:

Idealists are skeptics about the physical world, maintaining either: 1 ) that nothing exists outside the mind, or 2 ) that we would have no access to a mind-independent reality even if it may exist ; the latter case often takes the form of a denial of the idea that we can have unconceptualised experiences ( see Myth of the Given ).

After Christians in Ephesus first wrote to their counterparts recommending Apollos to them, he went to Achaia where Paul names him as an apostle ( 1 Cor 4: 6, 9-13 ) Given that Paul only saw himself as an apostle ' untimely born ' ( 1 Cor 15: 8 ) it is certain that Apollos became an apostle in the regular way ( as a witness to the risen Lord and commissioned by Jesus-1 Cor 15: 5-9 ; 1 Cor 9: 1 ).< ref > So the Alexandrian recension ; the text in < sup > 38 </ sup > and Codex Bezae indicate that Apollos went to Corinth.

Given a ket of norm 1, the orthogonal projection onto the subspace spanned by is

Given points P < sub > 0 </ sub > and P < sub > 1 </ sub >, a linear Bézier curve is simply a straight line between those two points.

Given that a father's age is 1 less than twice that of his son, and that the digits AB making up the father's age are reversed in the son's age ( i. e. BA ), leads to the equation 19B-8A

Given a trigonometric series f ( x ) with S as its set of zeros, Cantor had discovered a procedure that produced another trigonometric series that had S ' as its set of zeros, where S ' is the set of limit points of S. If p ( 1 ) is the set of limit points of S, then he could construct a trigonometric series whose zeros are p ( 1 ).

Given f ∈ G ( x * x < sup >- 1 </ sup >, y * y < sup >-1 </ sup >) and g ∈ G ( y * y < sup >-1 </ sup >, z * z < sup >-1 </ sup >), their composite is defined as g * f ∈ G ( x * x < sup >-1 </ sup >, z * z < sup >-1 </ sup >).

:( a ) Given player 2's strategy, the best payoff possible for player 1 is V, and

Given a function ƒ defined over the reals x, and its derivative ƒ < nowiki > '</ nowiki >, we begin with a first guess x < sub > 0 </ sub > for a root of the function f. Provided the function is reasonably well-behaved a better approximation x < sub > 1 </ sub > is

# Minimisation operator: Given a ( k + 1 )- ary total function:

Given Ω microstates at a particular energy, the probability of finding the system in a particular microstate is p = 1 / Ω.

Given two points ( x < sub > 1 </ sub >, y < sub > 1 </ sub >) and ( x < sub > 2 </ sub >, y < sub > 2 </ sub >), the change in x from one to the other is ( run ), while the change in y is ( rise ).

Given current trends in the UMC — with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U. S. churches collectively losing about 1, 000 members a week — it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30 % of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40 % of the delegates will be from outside the U. S. One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.

Given metric spaces ( X, d < sub > 1 </ sub >) and ( Y, d < sub > 2 </ sub >), a function f: X → Y is called uniformly continuous if for every real number ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that for every x, y ∈ X with d < sub > 1 </ sub >( x, y ) < δ, we have that d < sub > 2 </ sub >( f ( x ), f ( y )) < ε.

Given the low efficiency of the laser amplification process ( about 1 to 1. 5 %), and the losses in generation ( steam-driven turbine systems are typically about 35 % efficient ), fusion gains would have to be on the order of 350 just to break even.