In a similar way to the concept of skewness, kurtosis is a descriptor of the shape of a probability distribution and, just as for skewness, there are different ways of quantifying it for a theoretical distribution and corresponding ways of estimating it from a sample from a population.

During the Mediaeval period, the foundation was laid for the notational and theoretical practices that would shape western music into what it is today.

The theoretical tidal contribution to ΔT is about + 42 s / cy < sup > 2 </ sup > the smaller observed value is thought to be mostly due to changes in the shape of the Earth.

One theoretical case where the beta distribution arises is as the distribution of the ratio formed by one random variable having a Gamma distribution divided by the sum of it and another independent random variable also having a Gamma distribution with the same scale parameter ( but possibly different shape parameter ).

It can be calculated by theoretical formulas based on the shape of the structure.

In practice, surge energy is also limited via arc-over to ground during lightning strikes, leaving a surge remnant that often does not exceed a theoretical maximum ( such as 6000 V at 3000 A with a modeled shape of 8 x 20 microsecond waveform specified by IEEE / ANSI C62. 41 ).

OSBs tend to be very small, since the displacement is limited to a theoretical maximum of about 1500 lb ( 680 kg ), based on the largest hemispherical shape that could be formed with the same surface area as the sheet of plywood.

It is a common experience, when the scenarios finally emerge, for the participants to be startled by the insight they offer-as to what the general shape of the future might be-at this stage it no longer is a theoretical exercise but becomes a genuine framework ( or rather set of alternative frameworks ) for dealing with that.

Background independence is a condition in theoretical physics, especially in quantum gravity ( QG ), that requires the defining equations of a theory to be independent of the actual shape of the spacetime and the value of various fields within the spacetime, and in particular to not refer to a specific coordinate system or metric.

In 1975, in a paper presented to the Joint Symposium of the American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics in Los Angeles, he wrote, " If you object, I ask you to explain – quantitatively, not qualitatively – the reported phenomena of materialization and dematerialization, of shape changes, of the noiseless hovering in the Earth's gravitational field, accelerations that – for an appreciable mass – require energy sources far beyond present capabilities – even theoretical capabilities, the well-known and often reported E-M ( sc.

* The Alderson disk is a theoretical structure in the shape of a disk, where the outer radius is equivalent to the orbit of Mars or Jupiter and the thickness is several thousand miles.

Society of Automotive Engineers, Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College, collegiate chapter was established in March 2004 with the collective effort of a group of students who had a strong urge to shape the theoretical knowledge imparted in the classroom to real automotive works.

Her most recent book, The Way We Argue Now, analyzes a number of influential theoretical debates over the past decade or so, with special attention to the forms of argument that shape work in pragmatism, feminism, cosmopolitanism, and proceduralism.

Prominent among them was Jabra Nicola, a Palestinian-Israeli intellectual and activist who helped shape the theoretical orientation of the nascent organisation.

Allometry is a well-known study, particularly in statistical shape analysis for its theoretical developments, as well as in biology for practical applications to the differential growth rates of the parts of a living organism's body.

Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor described the theoretical shape of this cone based on the assumptions that ( 1 ) the surface of the cone is an equipotential surface and ( 2 ) the cone exists in a steady state equilibrium.

Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor in 1964 described this phenomenon, theoretically derived based on general assumptions that the requirements to form a perfect cone under such conditions required a semi-vertical angle of 49. 3 ° ( a whole angle of 98. 6 °) and demonstrated that the shape of such a cone approached the theoretical shape just before jet formation.

John Richards's drawing of a theoretical shape for the volute casing around the impeller, which he calls a " mistake " due to the constriction at " a " shown in diagram.

The geoid is 19. 356 meters above the theoretical ellipsoid shape of the earth at Tharwa.

Felix Wankel managed to overcome most of the problems that made previous rotary engines fail by developing a configuration with vane seals that had a tip radius equal to the amount of " oversize " of the rotor housing form, as compared to the theoretical epitrochoid, to minimize radial apex seal motion plus introducing a cylindrical gas-loaded apex pin which abutted all sealing elements to seal around the 3 planes at each rotor apex.

With recent advances in independent brushless excitation control of the rotor winding set that eliminates reliance on slip for operation, the ' brushless wound-rotor doubly fed electric machine ' is the third type of synchronous motor with all the theoretical qualities of the synchronous motor and the wound-rotor doubly fed motor combined, such as power factor correction, highest power density, highest potential torque density, low cost electronic controller, highest efficiency, etc.

The majority of fields in physics can be divided between theoretical work and experimental work,

Modern Class AB amplifiers commonly have peak efficiencies between 30 – 55 % in audio systems and 50-70 % in radio frequency systems with a theoretical maximum of 78. 5 %.

In general, the difference between a statistics program and a biostatistics program is twofold: ( i ) statistics departments will often host theoretical / methodological research which are less common in biostatistics programs and ( ii ) statistics departments have lines of research that may include biomedical applications but also other areas such as industry ( quality control ), business and economics and biological areas other than medicine.

Most bikes have two or three chainrings, and between 5 and 11 sprockets on the back, with the number of theoretical gears calculated by multiplying front by back.

BCS derived several important theoretical predictions that are independent of the details of the interaction, since the quantitative predictions mentioned below hold for any sufficiently weak attraction between the electrons and this last condition is fulfilled for many low temperature superconductors-the so-called weak-coupling case.

These connections shed the boundaries between combinatorics and parts of mathematics and theoretical computer science, but at the same time led to a partial fragmentation of the field.

For example, in the 19th century, the Sun appeared to be no more than 20 million years old, but the Earth appeared to be no less than 300 million years ( resolved by the discovery of nuclear fusion and radioactivity, and the theory of quantum mechanics ); or current attempts to resolve theoretical differences between quantum mechanics and general relativity.

Currently, one of the most famous open problems in theoretical computer science is the P = NP problem, which involves the relationship between the complexity classes P and NP.

Husserl pointed out that the failure of anti-psychologists to defeat psychologism was a result of being unable to distinguish between the foundational, theoretical side of logic, and the applied, practical side.

From this criticism to psychologism, the distinction between psychological acts and their intentional objects, and the difference between the normative side of logic and the theoretical side, derives from a platonist conception of logic.

:“ The principal theoretical tool to safeguard scientific legitimity in this situation is the distinction between emic and etic.

The entries listed below vary between theoretical therapies to unproven controversial therapies.

Müller's work relies specifically on theoretical assumptions that are very similar to Haeckel's and reflects the German practice to maintain strong connections between empirical research and the philosophical framework of science.

He examined the inter-relations between non-permanent production goods and " latent " or potentially economic permanent resources – building on the choice theoretical insight that, " processes that take more time will evidently not be adopted unless they yield a greater return than those that take less time.

Yet the theory entered the mainstream of theoretical physics and astrophysics only with the developments between approximately 1960 and 1975, now known as the golden age of general relativity.

In any case, fully understanding an engine and its efficiency requires gaining a good understanding of the ( possibly simplified or idealized ) theoretical model, the practical nuances of an actual mechanical engine, and the discrepancies between the two.

The maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine ( which no engine ever attains ) is equal to the temperature difference between the hot and cold ends divided by the temperature at the hot end, all expressed in absolute temperature or kelvins.

The theoretical maximum efficiency of any heat engine depends only on the temperatures it operates between.

The efficiency of a theoretical cycle cannot exceed that of the Carnot cycle, whose efficiency is determined by the difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures of the engine.

In a 1995 review of Rushton's Race, Evolution and Behavior, anthropologist and population geneticist Henry Harpending expressed doubt as to whether all of Rushton's data fit the r / K model he proposed, but nonetheless praised the book for its proposing of a theoretical model that makes testable predictions about differences between human groups.

( Note that these relations are true for theoretical and experimental values, but not between experimental and theoretical values.

Lack of agreement between theoretical mathematical models and experimental measurements often leads to important advances as better theories are developed.

The theoretical architecture derives from work on the description of natural discourse, and as such ‘ no very clear line is drawn between ‘( theoretical ) linguistics ’ and ‘ applied linguistics ’.