Formally, this definition includes as classical all objects with the current orbits that

Formally, a system is said to be observable if, for any possible sequence of state and control vectors, the current state can be determined in finite time using only the outputs ( this definition is slanted towards the state space representation ).

Formally, the chain rule indeed follows from the above definition of conditional probability:

Formally, if f is a harmonic function, then f cannot exhibit a true local maximum within the domain of definition of f. In other words, either f is a constant function, or, for any point inside the domain of f, there exist other points arbitrarily close to at which f takes larger values.

Formally, let X be any scheme and S be a sheaf of graded-algebras ( the definition of which is similar to the definition of-modules on a locally ringed space ): that is, a sheaf with a direct sum decomposition

Formally, a biased graph Ω is a pair ( G, B ) where B is a linear class of circles ; this by definition is a class of circles that satisfies the theta-graph property mentioned above.

Formally the Prince-Electors elected a King of the Romans, who was elected in Germany but became Holy Roman Emperor only when crowned by the Pope.

Formally, Gaussian curvature only depends on the Riemannian metric of the surface.

Informally, G has the above presentation if it is the " freest group " generated by S subject only to the relations R. Formally, the group G is said to have the above presentation if it is isomorphic to the quotient of a free group on S by the normal subgroup generated by the relations R.

Formally, the case where only a subset of parameters is defined is still a composite hypothesis ; nonetheless, the term point hypothesis is often applied in such cases, particularly where the hypothesis test can be structured in such a way that the distribution of the test statistic ( the distribution under the null hypothesis ) does not depend on the parameters whose values have not been specified under the point null hypothesis.

Formally, wives only join their husband's household after the birth of their first child.

Formally the euro is the only legal tender in Büsingen ; however, the Swiss franc is far more popular in everyday use as shopping is generally done in nearby Schaffhausen instead of across the border ( s ) in Germany.

Formally, though, the name only survives in Finland and Sweden, where provinces bear the name.

Formally, Mbenga – Mbuti Pygmy music consists of at most only four parts, and can be described as an, " ostinato with variations ," or similar to a passacaglia, in that it is cyclical.

Formally, the complexity class MA is the set of decision problems that can be decided in polynomial time by an Arthur – Merlin protocol where Merlin's only move precedes any computation by Arthur.

Formally, a cardinal number κ is λ-unfoldable if and only if for every transitive model M of cardinality κ of ZFC-minus-power set such that κ is in M and M contains all its sequences of length less than κ, there is a non-trivial elementary embedding j of M into a transitive model with the critical point of j being κ and j ( κ ) ≥ λ.

Formally, if is a limit ordinal, then a set is closed in if and only if for every < math >

Formally Roman Kalyn is now the only member of the group, but de-facto GreenJolly exists in name only.

Formally, if and only if, for any given, there exists an such that

Formally, a number n is colossally abundant if and only if there is an ε > 0 such that for all k > 1,

Formally, a natural number n is called highly abundant if and only if for all natural numbers m < n,

Formally this mission was declared to be only in pursuit of the Russian vessels and ammunition taken to Anzali by the White Russian counter-revolutionary General Denikin, who had been given asylum by British forces in Anzali.

Formally known as Crown Point Airport, the airport was renamed the Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport on May 19, 2011 in honour of the only Prime Minister and President from the island of Tobago.

Formally, the sequence of partial sums of some infinite summation converges if for every fixed power of X the coefficient stabilizes: there is a point beyond which all further partial sums have the same coefficient.

Formally, if there exists some B ≥ 0 such that

Formally, bending modulus is defined as the energy required to deform a membrane from its intrinsic curvature to some other curvature.

Formally, this means that, for some function f, the image f ( D ) of a directed set D ( i. e. the set of the images of each element of D ) is again directed and has as a least upper bound the image of the least upper bound of D. One could also say that f preserves directed suprema.

Formally a congruence subgroup is one that contains Γ ( N ) for some N, and the least such N is the level or Stufe of the subgroup.

By 1912, the Social Democrats, with an explicitly anti-antisemitic program, were the largest party in the German Reichstag, and the Progressives ran very strongly as well ... Formally, at least, the Jews had been fully emancipated with the establishment of the German Empire, although they were kept out of certain influential occupations, enjoyed extraordinary prosperity ... Germans intermarried with Jews: in the 1930s some 50, 000 Jews were living in mixed German-Jewish marriages, so at least 50, 000 Germans, and presumably parts of their families, had familial contact with the Jews.

Formally, we begin by considering some family of distributions for a random variable X, that is indexed by some θ.

Formally, Liouville numbers and elementary numbers contain the algebraic numbers, and they include some but not all transcendental numbers.

Formally, rotational symmetry is symmetry with respect to some or all rotations in m-dimensional Euclidean space.

Formally, all members of the Ghelani family are Hindu Leuva Patel, although some have since chosen other religious beliefs.

Bābak Khorram-Din ( Formally known as " Pāpak " meaning " Young Father ") (, alternative spelling: Bābak Xorramdin ; 795, according to some other sources 798 — January 838 ) was one of the main PersianArmenian historian Vardan Areweltsʻi, ca.

Formally, a strongly continuous semigroup is a representation of the semigroup ( R < sub >+</ sub >,+) on some Banach space X that is continuous in the strong operator topology.

Formally, one has an implication, not an equivalence, so the solution set may get larger.

Formally, let G be a Coxeter group with reduced root system R and k < sub > v </ sub > a multiplicity function on R ( so k < sub > u </ sub > = k < sub > v </ sub > whenever the reflections σ < sub > u </ sub > and σ < sub > v </ sub > corresponding to the roots u and v are conjugate in G ).

Formally, the Ministry of Aeronautics was founded on January 20, 1941 and so its military branch called " National Air Forces ", changed to " Brazilian Air Force " ( Força Aérea Brasileira-FAB ) on May, 22.

Formally, a redistribution of all agents ’ initial endowments of goods among all agents in the system is a core allocation if no group of agents can redistribute their own initial endowments among themselves so as to improve the satisfaction of someone in the group without impairing that of any other in the group.

Formally, this meant that the whole peloton finished out of time limits, but the referees understandably used a rule saying that they could give clemency to any group of more than 20 % of the stage's starting riders, officially citing the weather conditions as their reason to do so.

Formally we mean that is an ideal if it satisfies the following conditions:

Formally, we start with a category C with finite products ( i. e. C has a terminal object 1 and any two objects of C have a product ).

Formally it is precisely in allowing quantification over class variables α, β, etc., that we assume a range of values for these variables to refer to.

Formally, we are given a set of hypotheses and a set of manifestations ; they are related by the domain knowledge, represented by a function that takes as an argument a set of hypotheses and gives as a result the corresponding set of manifestations.

Formally, we have for the approximation to the full solution A, a series in the small parameter ( here called ), like the following:

Formally, we start with a metric space M and a subset X.

Formally, if we write F < sub > Δ </ sub >( x ) to mean the f-polynomial of Δ, then the h-polynomial of Δ is

Formally, this means that we want a function to be monotonic.

Formally, for a countable set of events A < sub > 1 </ sub >, A < sub > 2 </ sub >, A < sub > 3 </ sub >, ..., we have

Formally, we define

Formally, let A be a real matrix of which we want to compute the eigenvalues, and let A < sub > 0 </ sub >:= A.

Formally we have:

Formally, we have

Formally, an antihomomorphism between X and Y is a homomorphism, where equals Y as a set, but has multiplication reversed: denoting the multiplication on Y as and the multiplication on as, we have.

Formally, given a finite set X, a collection C of subsets of X, all of size n, has Property B if we can partition X into two disjoint subsets Y and Z such that every set in C meets both Y and Z.

Formally, we define indices inductively using

Formally, we define a bad field as a structure of the form ( K, T ), where K is an algebraically closed field and T is an infinite, proper, distinguished subgroup of K, such that ( K, T ) is of finite Morley rank in its full language.

Formally, we want:.

Formally we can write the factor as,

Formally, if we denote the set of stable functions by S ( D ) and the stability radius by r ( f, D ), then: